本月原始

阅读题，这篇挺长有点难。 楼主回忆零零碎碎，慎看

讲的是地球出现生命前，有个地方(貌似是深海的某个区域)叫做***City，这个地方的水跟地球其他地方的水不一样，会产生一些物质，而这些物质最后形成最初的生命。

第一段好像有个general view，然后话锋一转，后面几段全都是说明main idea(这个叫做***City的地方形成的最初的生命)的。后面每段开头都是该段的中心论点，这个挺好看。

本月原始

2. lost city。。。恩恩，有一个highlight题划了句子：就是什么ancientpeople在那个有神奇的物质的地方生活can choose the stage of biologicalpath云云，问是什么意思，貌似是说明我们的祖先可以在那个环境生活啊之类的那个选项?

【V1】LOSTCITY

大意是说，科学家在水下发现了一个lost city，什么什么样的，然后某某就带一队人开始研究(这里有题，说关于lost city的描述哪个最准确)。发现这个水下的lost city含有一些奇特物质探索methane什么的几种物质，然后又起化学反应啊之类的，这些物质可以追溯到多少年前，跟生命起源时候的物质一样(这里也有题，说这些物质能说明什么问题)~~然后科学家又说这些物质跟外星球的物质差不多，这可能说明多少多少年前，外星球也存在和地球一样的生命。然后又特别说明一种物质M，举了个对比的例子(这里忘了，但是有题，问你作者举这个M起什么作用?答案里有--a,为了证明上一段观点blabla，B. 为了引出下一段blabla)

最后一段是说通过研究这个lost city和它的各种成分，提出了jupiter啊，mars啊，还有水星啊什么的都可能早就有生命之类的。。。。。。(还有题，说这个文章作者是什么structure~我选的是：propose a scientific report and some evidence 大概这个意思)

题目：1、关于lostcity的描述，哪个最准确

2、这些物质能说明什么问题?

3、这个文章的结构是什么?

疑似原文

原文出处：

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=expanding-the-limits-of-life

感谢AIVAR考后回忆

有用的段落：

One such revelation occurred inDecember 2000.An expedition mapping a submerged mountain known as the AtlantisMassif, midwaybetween Bermuda and the Canary Islands and half a mile under thesurface of theNorth Atlantic, came across a pillar of white rock as tall as a20-storybuilding rising from the sea?floor. Using the remotely operated ArgoIIvehicleand the manned submersible Alvin, scientists surveyed and sampledthemysterious formation. Although time constraints limited their investigationtoa single Alvin dive, the researchers were able to collect enough informationtodetermine that the white pillar was just one of several such structures inthearea that were emitting heated seawater. They had discovered a field ofundersea hot springs theynamed the Lost City Hydrothermal Field. It was unlikeanything seen before, includingthe now famous black smokers.

Strange Chemistry

Scientists have known aboutunderseahydrothermal ventssince the 1970s. The black smoker systems are themost familiar; they occur atmid-ocean ridges—those strings of volcanoesoverlying spots where tectonicplates are pulling away from one another. Thewater at these vents can reachtemperatures above 400 degrees Celsius because oftheir proximity to moltenrock. With a pH similar to lemon juice, the scorching waterleaches sulfide,iron, copper and zinc as it filters through the volcanic rocksbelow theseafloor. As this hot,acidic fluid then rises back to the surface ofthe seafloor, it is discharged through the ventsintocold seawater,where thedissolved metal sulfides quickly cool and precipitate out of thefluid,producing a cloudy mix that looks like billowing black smoke. These metalsulfidesaccumulate into ever taller chimneys atop the vents. Despite theirhostilechemistry, the areas surrounding these vents teem with exotic animals,such as giant, red-tippedRiftia tube worms, which lack both mouths and guts butthrive by a symbioticassociation with internal bacteria that consume poisonoushydrogen sulfide gasemanating from the vents.

Compared with the savage blacksmokerenvironment, the Lost City vents are eerily tranquil.安静Locatedabout 15 kilometers to the west of the tectonicplate boundary at theMid-Atlantic Ridge, this vent field atop the AtlantisMassif is too distant forrising magma to heat the fluids to the blisteringtemperatures found at blacksmokers. Instead the water is heated by circulationthrough the merely warmrock below, and the highest measured temperature is only90 degrees C. Neither arethe Lost City fluids acidic. They are alkaline, with apH between 9 and 11—similar to milk ofmagnesia or household ammonia solution.Because these waters cannot readilydissolve high concentrations of metals suchas iron and zinc, Lost City does not produce themetal sulfideplumes thatcharacterize black smokers. Rather Lost City vent waters are richin calcium,which on mixing with seawater produces calcium carbonate (limestone).Thislimestone forms giant whitechimneys, the largest of which towers nearly 60meters above thesea?floor—significantlytaller than the loftiest black smokerchimney.

Hydrogen is full of energy as aconsequence of its ability to transfer electrons to othercompounds, such asoxygen, releasing energy in the process. Compoundsthat can readily donateelectrons to other compounds are described somewhatconfusingly as “chemicallyreduced.” Scientists have long suspected that reduced gases played animportantrole in the origin of life on Earth. In the 1920s Russian biochemistAlexanderOparin and British evolutionary biologist J.B.S. Haldane eachsuggested that theprimitive atmosphere of Earth might have been very rich inreduced gases such asmethane, ammonia and hydrogen. If the atmosphere had highconcentrations ofthese gases, they proposed, the chemical ingredients required for life mighthaveformed spontaneously.

Lost City is a natural laboratoryfor testingthese ideas. In 2008 chemist Giora Proskurow?ski of the WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution and his colleagues published a paper in thejournalScience demonstrating that the hydrothermal fluids at Lost City doindeedcontain small organic compounds such as methane, ethane and propane.Other worksuggests that the reactions at Lost City also produce small organicacids suchas formate and acetate. Together these findings confirm that the reducedconditionsat the Lost City vents could support the types of chemical reactionsnecessaryto create organic compounds from inorganic compounds—a simple butcritical stepin prebiotic chemistry.

The findings from Lost City alsobolsterhypotheses about where else in our solar system life might exist orhaveexisted in the past. Any planet or moon containing both peridotite andliquid water—theingredients necessary for serpentinization—couldconceivablysupport life-forms analogous to microbes at Lost City. Evidenceofthese components is strongest on Mars and on Jupiter’s moon Europa.Indeed,researchers have already detected methane in the modern Martianatmosphere.Whether it comes from microbes or chemical reactions in the planet’srocks—orboth—remains uncertain, however