VOA建国史话(翻译+字幕+讲解):谢尔曼大行军战役烧毁亚特兰大市
日期:2019-08-08 14:37

(单词翻译:单击)

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听力文本

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Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION -- American history in VOA Special English. In eighteen sixty-four, the battle at Cold Harbor in Virginia ended a month of fighting by the Union Army of the Potomac. The campaign had brought the army almost to the edge of Richmond, the Confederate capital. But General Ulysses Grant had paid a terrible price: more than fifty thousand Union dead and wounded. Confederate losses were much lighter -- about twenty thousand. Grant was beginning to learn an important lesson of the war. The methods of defense had improved much more than the methods of attack. This week in our series, Harry Monroe and Kay Gallant continue the story of the American Civil War. By the autumn of eighteen sixty-four, it appeared that the North would defeat the South in the American Civil War. The southern army needed men and supplies. There was little hope of getting enough of either to win. The northern army was stronger and better-equipped. But it, too, had suffered. Much of the death and destruction was the result of new military technology. A new kind of bullet had been invented. It was called the minie ball. It made the gun a much more deadly weapon.
Before the minie ball, few soldiers could hit a target more than thirty meters away. With the new bullet, they could hit targets more than one hundred fifty meters away. Soldiers with such weapons could be put into position behind stone or earth walls. Then it was almost impossible to defeat them. Most American generals, however, seemed unable to accept this. They continued to use the old methods of attack that had worked before the minie ball was invented. Hundreds or thousands of men were put in long lines across the front of the enemy position. A signal was given. The men began to march forward. When they got close, they fired their guns. Then they ran at the enemy and struck with their knives or hands. The idea was to shock the enemy, frighten him, and make him run away. As generals on both sides learned, this method no longer worked. The attackers were shot down before they could get close enough to hurt the defenders. After three and a half years of fighting, hundreds of thousands of Union and Confederate soldiers had been killed or wounded. Still the war continued. In the East, Union armies were slowly pushing forward toward their main target. That was the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. In the West, Union armies were slowly pushing deeper into Confederate territory. The western armies were led by General William Sherman.
Sherman had two goals. One was to capture the city of Atlanta, Georgia. Atlanta was one of the few remaining industrial cities of the Confederacy. The other goal was to destroy the Confederate army led by General Joe Johnston. Sherman's army was stronger than Johnston's army. But the Confederates usually got into better defensive positions. Sherman refused to attack in such situations. It was easier to march around the Confederates and force them to withdraw. This happened again and again. Confederate President Jefferson Davis began to believe that General Johnston was afraid to fight. He replaced him with another general. Within two days, that general attacked the Union Army. The attack began without enough planning. It was based on false information. It was a disaster. In eleven days of fighting, one-third of the Confederate Army in Georgia was destroyed. The remaining force was too weak to defend Atlanta. The city fell. After capturing Atlanta, General Sherman fought a series of small battles with a Confederate force across northern Georgia. Then he decided to march to Savannah, a city on the Atlantic coast. Before leaving, his men set fire to the city. Almost all of Atlanta was destroyed.
Sherman's army would continue to do this all the way to Savannah, Georgia, three hundred fifty kilometers away. It cut a path of destruction more than one hundred kilometers wide. This campaign would be known as Sherman's March to the Sea. Sherman said he wanted to make the people of Georgia suffer. He said he wanted to show the people of the Confederacy that their government could not protect them. Union soldiers stopped at every farm and village. They took food and clothing. They took horses, cows, and other farm animals. What they could not take, or did not want, they destroyed. They set fire to houses and farm buildings. They burned crops. They destroyed stores and factories. They burned bridges and pulled up railroad tracks. Day by day, the Union army of General William Sherman cut and burned its way across Georgia. The army faced little opposition. Small groups of Confederate horse soldiers struck at the edges of the army. But they did little damage. On December twenty-second, eighteen sixty-four, Sherman reached Savannah. He sent a message to President Abraham Lincoln in Washington. He said: "I beg to present you, as a Christmas holiday gift, the city of Savannah."

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Sherman's campaign had cut a great wound in the heart of the Confederacy. All that remained were the states of South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia. His march to the sea had a great, destructive effect on the spirit of the South. Sherman's army rested in Savannah for a month. Then, on February first, eighteen sixty-five, it began to move north. The goal was to join General Ulysses Grant outside the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. As Sherman's army moved across South Carolina, it destroyed almost everything in sight. The soldiers remembered that South Carolina had been the first state to rebel and leave the Union. They remembered that South Carolina had fired the first shots of the war. This time -- against orders -- they destroyed the land they left behind. Confederate forces could not stop them. The same thing happened in the Shenandoah River Valley northwest of Richmond. In the early years of the war, Confederate forces had moved through the valley to strike northern territory. They had invaded Maryland and Pennsylvania, and had threatened Washington, from there. General Grant decided that the Confederates had used the Shenandoah Valley long enough.
He sent some of his men into the valley. He ordered them to destroy everything that might be of use to the enemy. "Eat up Virginia," he said, "clear and clean as far as you can go." Farms were burned. Crops were destroyed. Farm animals were taken away or killed. Nothing was left that could feed a man or animal. Nothing but blackened earth. Then General Grant sent General Philip Sheridan into the Shenandoah Valley. Sheridan's army battled its way through the valley in the autumn of eighteen sixty-four. It gained victory after victory against a smaller, weaker Confederate force. By the end of the year, Union troops had complete control of the valley. The only Confederate power that remained was the army of General Robert E. Lee. With the Shenandoah Valley closed to the Confederates, food supplies fell very low. There was almost nothing to feed the soldiers in Lee's army. Wagons would go out each day in search of food. They returned almost empty. More and more Confederate soldiers were running away. Some returned to their homes. Others surrendered to Union forces.
Confederate leaders no longer could find soldiers to take the places of those who left. Men would not answer the army's call. There was, however, a huge labor force in the South that the army had not called: slaves. Slaves had been used to do non-military work for the army. They had built roads and bridges. They had driven wagons. But they had not served as soldiers. In the North, thousands of free Negroes served in the Union army. But they received less pay than white soldiers. Confederate lawmakers finally began to discuss the idea of using slaves as soldiers. A bill was proposed that would free any slave who joined the army to fight. Many southern leaders opposed the bill, even if it would save the Confederacy. Said one: "Do not arm the slaves. The day you make them soldiers is the beginning of the end of the revolution. If slaves make good soldiers, our whole idea of slavery is wrong." General Robert E. Lee did not agree. He believed slaves could be made into good soldiers if they believed they had an interest in Confederate victory. He proposed giving immediate freedom to any slave who joined the army. The Confederate Congress passed a bill in March of eighteen sixty-five to accept Negroes as soldiers. The bill did not promise to free them. By then, however, it was too late. An army of freed slaves could not be trained in time to save the Confederacy.

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重点解析

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1.refuse to 不肯;拒绝

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Some children refuse to eat at all and others overeat.

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有些孩子根本不吃饭,另外的一些孩子却吃得过量]&f|qBt]bJF

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2.be based on 以......为基础;根据

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Models can be based on text or graphics or both.

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模型可以基于文本和/或图形lr[KR*7UpL8(cHH9~@hR

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3.a series of 一系列;一连串

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The students have put forward a series of questions.

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学生们提出了一系列问题wO=(;&.Gs,@T(sqW

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4.run away 逃跑;逃走

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He and I were always planning to run away together.

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我和他一直盘算着一起私奔12.9[cQxlwgC4^

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参考译文

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欢迎收听VOA慢速英语之建国史话节目S~XPNXc=W=PLn|nW|pW。1864年,弗吉尼亚冷港战役结束了波托马克联邦军团长达一个月的战斗f)VNa8%NbP。这次战役几乎把联邦军部队带到了联盟国首都里士满的边缘%vgz,-M+RHIi^EG。但是,尤利西斯·格兰特将军付出了惨重的代价:超过5万联邦士兵伤亡B^kH20jPkrz*D5q。联盟国部队的损失要轻得多,只有大约2万AGXyAps8*]qTw。格兰特开始吸取这场战争的重要教训,防御方法与攻击方法相比改进了很多h(SBvULPq&|ZTA%.XkG。在本周的系列节目中,哈利·门罗和凯·格兰特继续讲述美国内战的故事T;~36O+vnpiEe]。到1864年秋天,在美国内战中,北方似乎要将南方打败KMHf_tcS4MC4pXK~xHGz。南方军队需要人手和物资,几乎在两方面都没有获得赢得战争所需的充足补给as,ySh_&9(wVwMN~。北方军队更强大,装备也更好m%qZ*QCxx[=+pH5SGC。但它也遭受了重创Xvd&kJHQbbx[x。大部分的死伤都是使用新军事技术的结果gc6*PCkFxe^=。发明了一种称为迷你球的新型子弹,让枪支变成一种更致命的武器DBV#e8;2rGI;
在迷你球出现之前,很少有士兵能击中30米以外的目标TuI7MZjRN(0*tH3eD。有了新子弹后,他们能击中150米以外的目标S-;C05zav|Ts。拥有这种武器的士兵可以被安置在石墙或土墙后面,几乎是坚不可摧sXezp+S|HG7v[Ox6。然而,大多数美国将军似乎无法接受这种新武器,他们继续使用迷你球发明前的老式进攻方法SY3QgcUPn6L。成百上千的人排成长队越过敌人阵地的前沿,信号发出后,士兵们开始向前行进ygpbuYBowy&+Fh%0P[hn。当他们接近时,便开枪射击j+%wOzTT2Q8i=jNT。他们向敌军跑去,用刀或徒手进攻]70X.O=%YKU=(of@0。这样做的目的是震慑敌人,吓唬他,使他逃跑wIl6K]d@&wvG8nMg。正如双方的将军们了解到的那样,这种方法不再有效M^|xJH8Fvw。进攻者在接近防御者之前已经被击毙dFnJ5IPOA@xnf@#m7。经过三年半的战斗,数十万联邦军和联盟国士兵战死或受伤D8.o5w(LDu;[6a。战争仍在继续sUz]q5r0BOokyK。在东部,联邦军队正缓慢地向他们的主要进攻目标推进,那就是弗吉尼亚州里士满的联盟国首都^4y%sDgh6UL3K。在西方,联邦军队正缓慢地向联盟国领土推进,西部军队由威廉·谢尔曼将军率领d|.(w[eAin_*LdlcE
谢尔曼拥有两个目标,一个是占领乔治亚州的亚特兰大市g_]Jw8~C@r。亚特兰大市是联盟国部队仅存的几个工业城市之一s,Sp,HV)Vc8.5-L。另一个目标是摧毁由乔·约翰斯顿将军率领的联盟国士兵gYVn-OeD2mjD。谢尔曼的军队比约翰斯顿的军队更强大,但是,联盟国通常会占据更好的防御位置L,wKQVIdxx。谢尔曼在这种情况下拒绝攻击JF)NzA^QeG+0b9Mcu&P。在联盟国部队周围游走,并迫使他们撤退要容易得多yN^,kHGx--nDzc。这种情况一次又一次的出现)N+F!zz[LHD。联盟国总统杰斐逊·戴维斯开始相信约翰斯顿将军害怕战斗,他更换了另一位将军_qtrY|cWgUjOOd_9N。两天之内,那位将军袭击了联邦军gCR0;zJxqa。在没有充分计划的情况下,战争就开始了#**0ge(drKu2%.Q;]YL|。行动依据的是虚假的情报,这真是一场灾难4O524NyuYtdMhn#wc|YW。在11天的战斗中,格鲁吉亚三分之一的联盟国军队被摧毁ZGqwEib6e70@b。剩下的部队兵力太弱,无法保卫亚特兰大市,该市沦陷&ZIgD_u6aS(。在占领亚特兰大后,谢尔曼将军与联盟国军队在乔治亚州北部进行了一系列小规模的战斗%^lHc25DxJVJO[P。然后,他决定进军大西洋沿岸的萨凡纳S!(FGwV.p76AY-;J~i。在离开之前,他的将士放火烧了这座城市,几乎整个亚特兰大都被摧毁了+kawST9ho,
谢尔曼的军队就这样一路行至350公里外乔治亚州的萨凡纳,它开辟了一条100多公里宽的毁灭之路3RO[can(aN-g4Ta2j]j。这场战役将被称为谢尔曼大行军%EAgcaotzngC-。谢尔曼说他想让乔治亚州的人受受苦,想让联盟国的人民知道他们的政府不能保护他们t7-R=6k)loJvp@mJ98。士兵们驻扎在每个农场和村庄,拿走食物和衣服,带走马、牛和其他家畜JnfUMJa)ZM。他们把不能带或不想要的东西都销毁了J|[EN^J*V%clgB4D2c。他们放火烧了房屋、农舍和庄稼,摧毁了商店和工厂,烧断了桥梁,拔起铁轨5W(kxB#HrIab973M。威廉·谢尔曼将军的联邦军日复一日地横扫格鲁吉亚(cHJ;U%eb(Rc2ihY7。军队几乎没有遭到一点反抗,一小群联盟国的骑兵在军队边缘发起进攻bIkS)##2])4EJ]R。但是,他们并未造成什么伤亡BO!m@+aA7c。1864年12月22日,谢尔曼到达萨凡纳n[ZZ2n.Uc#DdUthf_。他给华盛顿的亚伯拉罕·林肯总统发出消息&1JB!^jV|T!。他说:“我恳请把萨凡纳城作为圣诞礼物送给你r6.7%2u%VGN。”
谢尔曼的战役给联盟国的中心地带造成重创,剩下的只有南卡罗来纳州、北卡罗来纳州和弗吉尼亚州UoI_EB1qBK!j。他向大海进军对南方士兵的士气产生了巨大的破坏性影响2-tUVC3!C0MDDw。谢尔曼的军队在萨凡纳停留了一个月,随后在1865年2月1日,开始向北行军11uVp+N#uO0^。目标是与部署在弗吉尼亚州里士满联盟国首都之外的尤利西斯·格兰特将军会合]5L_.-NVwPC。当谢尔曼的军队穿过南卡罗来纳州时,几乎将所见的一切都摧毁了Z5tjBIjC+=!&IKhdU4r。士兵们记得南卡罗来纳州是第一个反叛并离开联邦的州,他们记得南卡罗来纳州在战争中打响了第一枪9+E8*8@kXk0CpCV!。这一次,他们违抗命令,摧毁了他们路过的土地=j=[1@zL.M。联盟国军队无法阻止他们3-(a*thVA1|ek。同样的事情发生在里士满西北的雪兰多河谷QKJsrKnLFe。战争初期,联盟国军队已穿过山谷袭击北部地区nOdngApbpA,SSU0S。他们入侵了马里兰州和宾夕法尼亚州,并从那威胁到华盛顿n+W-Dmn^&KwsZ,Qtc。格兰特将军认为,联盟国部队已经在谢南多厄河谷作战过久KMjV_UUKsuU12,+Y_x1f
他派出一些人前往山谷,命令他们摧毁一切可能对敌人有用的东西&~PfGO&)~~At。“把弗吉尼亚州吃空,”他说,“把整个州洗劫一空blU^&4gH5h。”他们烧掉农场,毁了庄稼,带走或杀死农场里的动物,没留下任何能供人或动物食用的东西,=xv=NP@uk,[(%~。除了一片烧黑的土地外,什么也没剩下Lg,Lrkmd7ptNuK0s。然后,格兰特将军派遣菲利普·谢里丹将军进入谢南多厄山谷GYBatjEOhvC3c8N。1864年秋天,谢里登的军队在山谷中作战7fUqB*x!h2b!a。在打赢一支规模较小,兵力较弱的联盟国部队后,它取得了胜利nRiY@M,nggSTi%!。到年底,联邦军队已经完全控制了山谷d*2*eDVLl_NxUX];vaW。唯一剩下的联盟国兵力是罗伯特·E·李将军的军队WUA_]0L0+s|。联盟国无法进驻谢南多厄河谷后,粮食供应量变得极低g;=uBQ|WJK。李将军部队中的士兵几乎没有什么东西可吃了jo2gTb+&*Nn。每天都有马车出去寻找食物,但几乎空手而归FwsOqVLx_Jsn1.jWI%。越来越多的联盟国士兵逃跑了,一些人回到自己的老家!9*;!,[O&E_N.o|OPSf。其他人则向联邦部队投降KYv*Zu8C__
联盟国的领导人再也找不到人来接替那些逃跑的士兵T1cR@aIx;4pL3。人们不再响应军队的号召IRjg*l!MROr2W%+O。然而,在南方还有一支庞大的劳动力,军队并没有征他们入伍,那就是奴隶MPkkxv@%t^a。奴隶在军队中从事非军事工作,他们修建道路和桥梁,驾驶马车(YDF;TtjB=[6n_@8^xgy。但是,他们并没有从军ASA&Bkfmvb。在北方,数千名自由的黑人在联邦军队中服役0OQ8o1rZ=i^。但是,他们获得的薪水要比白人士兵少aNr|2Hv5;5E%。联盟国的立法者终于开始讨论把奴隶征为士兵的想法,有人提出一项法案,将解放那些参军的奴隶Z1@ab+kZKs4KT#G。许多联盟国领导人反对这项法案,即使它能拯救联盟国O~3i8,jOtoMy@w+IwVT。有人说:“不要给奴隶武器,你让他们参军的那一天,就是革命结束的开始P+nflr~=am*Y3);。如果奴隶成为好士兵,那么我们对于奴隶制的整体观念就是错误的(hYiFqQnXJ&。”罗伯特·E·李将军不认同这种说法lFS[z|7Un&P。他相信,如果奴隶们认为他们关注联盟国的胜利,就能成为优秀的士兵0Cdbsalgr1z*q6。他提议立即给予任何参军的奴隶人身自由,联盟国于1865年3月通过一项法案,认可黑人成为士兵5P;e[C*!]#*。这项法案没有承诺要释放他们,然而,此时已为时过晚8UiG#VT=4%hkchT.。一支由自由的奴隶组成的军队未能及时受训去拯救联盟国ZaMu8!lKO3Cy[6G

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译文为可可英语翻译,未经授权请勿转载!

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重点单词
  • campaignn. 运动,活动,战役,竞选运动 v. 从事运动,参加竞
  • oppositionn. 反对,敌对,在野党
  • territoryn. 领土,版图,领域,范围
  • tracksn. 轨道(track的复数);磁道;轮胎
  • grantn. 授予物,补助金; 同意,给予 n. 财产转让 vt
  • revolutionn. 革命,旋转,转数
  • militaryadj. 军事的 n. 军队
  • rebeln. 叛徒,起义者,反叛者 adj. 造反的,反抗的 v
  • frightenvt. 使惊吓,惊恐 vi. 惊吓
  • signaln. 信号,标志 v. (发信号)通知、表示 adj.