(单词翻译:单击)
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Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION -- American history in VOA Special English. By eighteen sixty-three, America's northern states and southern states had been fighting a bitter civil war for two years. Both sides felt the pressure of the costly struggle. The South was beginning to suffer from a lack of supplies and men for its armies. The North was beginning to suffer from a lack of fighting spirit. This week in our series, Larry West and Tony Riggs describe an anti-war movement that was growing. Many Americans in northern states did not support the war policies of Union President Abraham Lincoln. Some said openly that they did not care who won the war. They just wanted to be left alone. Coal miners in Pennsylvania protested against a law drafting men into the Union army. They rioted and attacked officials who tried to take them. Soldiers were sent to Pennsylvania to put down the riots.
Farmers in Ohio also protested. They refused to be drafted. They attacked soldiers who were sent to arrest them. The worst anti-war riots, however, took place in New York City. On July thirteenth, eighteen sixty-three, a crowd formed outside a New York draft office. Inside, army officials were choosing the names of men who would be taken into the army. Each name was written on a separate piece of paper. The papers were mixed together in a big box. The officials then began to remove the papers one at a time. They made a list of the names. These were the men of New York who must go off to fight. On that day, however, the list was never completed. The crowd outside the draft office became louder. There were shouts of protest against the draft and against the Civil War. Suddenly, a stone crashed through the office window. Then another. And another. The army officials escaped. But a policeman inside could not get away. The rioters beat him badly. Then they set fire to the draft office and several buildings nearby. The riot spread across the city.
The riot began as a political protest against the draft. Poor men opposed the draft, because it permitted rich men to escape military service. The law said a man who was drafted could stay out of the army by doing one of two things. He could pay the government three hundred dollars. Or he could pay another man to serve in his place. If a drafted man could not do either thing, then he must join the army or be shot as a deserter. In the wartime economy of the North, prices were rising much faster than wages. Even a man with a good job had a difficult time feeding his family. It was impossible for him to pay the government three hundred dollars or pay someone else to serve for him in the army. Poor men protested against the law. They said it was unfair. "It's a rich man's war," they cried, "but a poor man's fight. The rich man's money against the poor man's blood." There was something else that deeply troubled working men in the North. Anti-war activists told them that the war was not being fought to save the Union, but to free Negro slaves.
The activists said the freed Negroes would move north and take jobs away from whites. Many men believed this. They said they would not fight. Then, on July thirteenth, the angers and fears of working men in New York exploded. Their attack on the draft office that day was just the beginning. The violence lasted three days. The rioters beat many policemen to death. They beat, burned, and hanged every Negro they could find. They also killed many whites who tried to protect the Negroes. By the time soldiers stopped the rioting, one thousand persons had been killed. The leaders of the anti-war movement in the north were members of the opposition Democratic Party. They wore on their coats a copper penny showing the head of a Native American Indian. This gave them the name "Copperheads." One important Copperhead was a former congressman from Ohio, Clement Vallandigham. Vallandigham made a speech criticizing the Union government. He was charged with violating a military law that banned such criticism. He was arrested. The former congressman was taken before a military court. He objected. He said if he had broken a law, he should be tried by a civilian court. He demanded this as his constitutional right.
The military judges rejected his argument. They found him guilty. And they sentenced him to remain in a Union military prison until the end of the war. People throughout the north were angry. Many did not support Clement Vallandigham's ideas. But they supported his right to speak freely. President Lincoln could approve or reject Vallandigham's sentence. His decision would show which issue was more important: the citizens' right to free speech, or national security. Lincoln was a good politician and a smart lawyer. He found an unexpected way to deal with the problem. He neither approved nor rejected the sentence. He changed it. Lincoln ordered Vallandigham to be turned over to the Confederate army. Then he explained that Vallandigham had not been arrested for criticizing the government. "His arrest was made," Lincoln said, "because he was trying -- with some success -- to prevent men from entering the army. He was urging soldiers already in the army to leave it. Mister Vallandigham was not arrested because he was damaging the political chances of the administration, or the interests of the commanding general, but because he was damaging the army, upon which the life of the nation depends."
The Confederates welcomed the anti-war leader. They helped him get to Canada. Vallandigham continued his anti-war campaign from there. President Lincoln was troubled by the anti-war movement and violent opposition to the draft laws. He felt he had to make citizens understand why such laws were necessary. He prepared a speech which explained his thoughts. "There can be no army without men," Lincoln wrote. "Men can be had only with their permission or without it. We can no longer get enough men willingly, so there is a draft. If you dispute this, and declare that men are still willing to serve in the army, then prove it by volunteering yourselves in large numbers. Then I will give up the draft." Lincoln never gave this speech. He felt it was too direct. Instead, he gave a different kind of speech to the people of the Union. "You want peace," Lincoln said, "and you blame me that we do not have it. But how can we get it. There are but three ways possible."
"First, to put down the southern rebellion by force of arms. This I am trying to do. Are you for it? If you are, then we are so far agreed. If you are not for it, a second way is to give up the Union. I am against this. Are you for the Union? If you are, you should say so clearly. If you are not for force, and not for dissolving the Union, there only remains some kind of compromise. I do not believe any such compromise is possible." Politicians urged President Lincoln to investigate the anti-war protests in New York to learn who had led them. He refused. Lincoln believed that starting an investigation would be like lighting a barrel of gunpowder. He already was fighting a bitter struggle against rebels in the South. He did not want to fight the people of the North, too. Southern leaders were pleased with the Copperheads' anti-war movement. Confederate General Robert E. Lee saw it as a sign of weakness in the northern war effort. He also saw it as an opening for a military victory. That will be our story next week.
重点解析
1.protest against 反对；对......提出抗议
Groups of women took to the streets to protest against the arrests.
成群结队的妇女上街抗议逮捕行动。
2.take place 发生；举行
Peace talks failed to take place because of a dispute over the venue.
由于在谈判地点上存在分歧，和平谈判未能举行。
3.be charged with 被控告；被指控
You'll be charged with murder and treason.
你将被指控谋杀和叛国的罪名。
4.give up 放弃；停止
Georgia refuses to give up any territory.
格鲁吉亚拒绝出让任何领土。
参考译文
欢迎收听VOA慢速英语之建国史话节目。到1863年，美国北部和南部各州内战已经打了两年。双方都感受到了战争带来的昂贵压力。南方开始遭受物资短缺和军队人力短缺的痛苦，北方开始丧失斗志。在本周的系列节目中，拉里·韦斯特和托尼·里格斯讲述了不断扩大的反战运动。北方各州的许多美国人不支持美国总统林肯的战争策略，有人公开表示他们不在乎谁能赢得这场战争，他们只想不受干扰的生活。宾夕法尼亚州的煤矿工人抗议一项为联邦军队征兵的法律草案，他们发动暴乱并袭击企图带走他们的官员。士兵们被派到宾夕法尼亚州平息暴乱。
俄亥俄州的农民也抗议，拒绝被征兵。他们袭击了派去逮捕他们的士兵。然而，最严重的反战暴乱发生在纽约市。1863年7月13日，一群人聚集在纽约征兵办公室的外面。在屋里，军官正在挑选将被送到军队的人名。每个名字都写在一张单独的纸上，这些文件混合放在一个大盒子里。然后，官员们开始一次一份地把文件移走。他们列了一张名单，这些都是必须参战的纽约人。然而当天，这份清单还没有完成。征兵办公室外的人群越来越吵，人们大声抗议征兵草案、抗议内战。突然，一块石头从办公室的窗户砸了进来，接着又一块、又一块。军官都逃跑了，但是里面有个警察没跑掉。暴徒们把他打得很惨，然后放火烧了征兵处和附近几栋建筑。暴乱蔓延到整座城市。
暴乱始于对征兵草案的政治抗议，穷人反对这项草案，因为它允许富人逃避兵役。法律规定，被征者可以通过做两件事中的一件来避免参军。他可以向政府支付三百美元，或者付钱让另一个人替他参军。如果被征者不能做其中任何一件事，他就必须参军或作为逃兵被枪杀。北方在战时的经济状况，物价上涨的速度比工资快得多。即使是工作很不错的人，也很难养家糊口。他不可能付得起政府的三百美元，也不可能付给其他人为他到军队服兵役。穷人反对这一草案，他们说这不公平。“这是一场富人的战争，”他们喊道，“但却要穷人来打。富人的钱对抗穷人的献血。”在北方，还有件事让工人阶层深感不安。反战活动家告诉他们，这场战争不是为了拯救联邦，而是为了解放黑奴。
活跃分子说，被释放的黑奴将向北迁移，从白人手中夺走工作。许多人对此深信不疑，他们表示不会参战。随后在7月13日，纽约工人们的愤怒和恐惧情绪爆发了。他们对征兵办公室的攻击只是一个开始，暴力持续了三天。暴徒打死了许多警察，他们殴打、焚烧、绞死所有能找到的黑人，还杀死了许多试图保护黑人的白人。当士兵们制止骚乱时，已经有一千人丧生。北方反战运动的领导人是反对党民主党的成员，他们的外套上戴着一枚铜币，铜币上是一个印第安人头像。他们称自己为“铜斑蛇”，其中一位重要人物是俄亥俄州的前国会议员，克莱门特·法兰迪加姆。法兰迪加姆发表了一次演讲，批评了联邦政府。有人指控他违反了禁止发表此类批评言论的军事法，而遭到逮捕。这位前国会议员被带到军事法庭。他反对这项指控，他说如果自己触犯了法律，应该由民事法院审判。他对此表示强烈要求，说这是他的宪法权利。
军事法官驳回了他的观点，并认定他有罪。他们判处他拘留在联邦军事监狱直到战争结束。整个北方人民都非常气愤，许多人不支持克莱门特·法兰迪加姆的观点。但是，他们支持他拥有言论自由的权利。林肯总统可以批准或驳回对法兰迪加姆的判决，他的决定将表明哪个问题更为重要：公民的言论自由权，还是国家安全。林肯是一位优秀的政治家，同时也是位聪明的律师。他找到一个出人意料的方法解决这个问题。他既没有赞成这项判决，但也没有将其驳回，而是对其进行了更改。林肯命令把法兰迪加姆交给联盟国军队，然后他解释道，法兰迪加姆不是因为批评政府而被捕。林肯说：“他被捕是因为他正试图阻止人们参军，他确实取得一些成功。他力劝已经参军的士兵离开。法兰迪加姆先生被捕，并不是因为他破坏了政府的政治时机，或是损害了指挥官的利益，而是因为他破坏了国家赖以生存的军队。”
南方联盟国欢迎这位反战领袖，帮助他到达加拿大。法兰迪加姆从那里继续他的反战运动。林肯总统受到反战运动和对征兵法律草案强烈反对的困扰，他觉得必须让民众明白出台这种法律的必要性。他准备了一次解释自己想法的演讲。林肯写道：“没有人就没有军队。征兵要么是获得人们的同意，要么就是强制执行。没有足够的人自愿参军，所以就有了这项草案。如果对这件事存在争议，并且宣称人们仍然愿意服兵役，就用大批志愿参军者来证明这一点吧。那样的话，我就放弃这项草案。”林肯从未发表这番演讲，他觉得它太过直接。相反，他对联邦民众发表了不同的讲话。“你们想要和平，”林肯说，“却把没有和平这件事归咎于我。但是我们怎样才能获得和平呢？只有三种可能。”
首先，通过武力镇压南方叛乱。这是我在努力做的事情，你们表示赞同吗？如果赞同的话，那么到目前为止，我们达成了一致的意见。如果你们不赞同，第二种方法就是放弃联邦。我反对这种做法。你们支持联邦吗？如果支持，就应该清楚地表达出来。如果不想被强迫，也不是为了解散联邦的话，那就只剩下某种妥协了。我认为这种妥协是不可能的。”政客们敦促林肯总统调查纽约的反战抗议活动，了解是谁领导了该活动。他拒绝这么做。林肯认为开始调查就像点燃一桶火药，他已经在与南方的叛军进行激烈的斗争。他也不想和北方人民作战。南方领导人对铜斑蛇的反战运动很满意，联盟国将领罗伯特·E·李将军认为这是北方作战中显露出来的一个弱点，他还把它看做是军事胜利的开端。这将是我们下周要讲述的故事。
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