听力文本

Study: Replacing Fossil Fuels in US Could Cost $4.7 Trillion
A new study has found that replacing fossil fuel power systems in the United States could cost up to $4.7 trillion.
The study was released by energy research company Wood Mackenzie. The company is based in Edinburgh, Scotland.
The report includes one of the first independent cost estimates for completely ending power sources that produce carbon pollution.
Some American politicians support the complete replacement of all fossil fuel-based energy sources in the United States with zero carbon systems. The study estimates this could cost at least $4.7 trillion and could present major economic and social difficulties. The total would amount to about $35,000 per U.S. household, the study found.
Several Democratic presidential candidates have proposed their own plans to reach the goal of zero carbon emissions. Former Vice President Joe Biden has said his plan would cost about $1.7 trillion. Another candidate, Beto O'Rourke, has proposed a $5-trillion plan to get to zero emissions.
Democratic U.S. House member Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who represents New York, helped create a "Green New Deal" proposal that seeks to solve several major environmental issues. It has been estimated to cost around $10 trillion.
Such ideas seek to appeal to a growing sense of urgency about climate change on both sides of the political divide. But many Republicans, including President Donald Trump, have criticized the Democratic proposals as being costly and impossible to carry out. They say the plans would harm the economy.
A public opinion study released last week by Reuters/Ipsos showed that most Americans support "aggressive" climate change action like that proposed by Democrats. But that support falls sharply if individuals sense the plans would personally cost them.

Wood Mackenzie's report centers only on the costs to replace fossil fuel sources used to generate power. One of the main fossil fuel sources for U.S. power plants is coal. Coal plants give off air pollutants and heat-trapping gases that have been linked to climate change.
The study said the change from fossil fuels to green sources would require "a complete redesign" of the current power system.
It estimated that 1,600 gigawatts of wind and solar capacity would have to be added, at a cost of around $1.5 trillion. That is more than 11 times the nation's current wind and solar capacity. Even though the costs of wind and solar have been dropping, a sharp increase in demand could drive prices up, the study noted.
The report estimated that more than 320,000 kilometers of electrical wires would have to be added to carry wind and solar energy from rural areas to major cities. The estimated cost for that effort would be about $700 billion.
The study noted that major costs could be reduced if the process of completely moving away from fossil fuel sources took place over a longer period of time.
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重点解析

重点讲解：
1. amount to 总计；共计；
Our debts amount to over $1000.
我们的负债总共超过了1000美元I;Ie.I#(dKYL(。
2. appeal to 对…有吸引力；使感兴趣；
It may also appeal to the latent chauvinism of many ordinary people.
它可能也迎合了许多普通人心中的沙文主义情结!*-QnV19n8[KY。
3. center on （使）以…为中心;（使）注意力集中于；
Discussions were centred on developments in Eastern Europe.
讨论围绕着东欧的发展这一中心议题进行Lu]Zd..*a^q4%zu3jT(。
4. give off 释放，放出，发出（气体、热量、气味等）；
Many household products give off noxious fumes.
很多家用产品散发有害气体g9q]~3si5~W。

参考译文

研究表明美国替代化石燃料可能耗资4.7万亿美元
一项新研究发现，替代美国化石燃料能源系统可能会耗资4.7万亿美元Rm&s0!~UyV&-y。
这项研究由能源研究公司伍德麦肯兹发布Rjofe4hgTv[6。该公司总部位于苏格兰爱丁堡*Ce8wF3Al9IF,lk。
这份研究报告涵盖了为彻底终结产生碳污染的能源而制定的首批独立成本估算之一VTj10GMQ[)J^,。
一些美国政治家支持用零碳排放系统彻底替代美国所有的化石燃料能源来源_(]F;Q1PHjig。研究估计，这可能会耗费至少4.7万亿美元，而且可能会带来严重的经济和社会困难H4=&48PEJQo=。研究发现，总耗资相当于每个美国家庭承担约3.5万美元WCE_GELR)-8#0。
多名民主党总统候选人为实现零碳排放的目标提出了各自的计划1[D_S%hU9ktZ&。前美国副总统乔·拜登表示，他的计划耗资约1.7万亿美元~|MK3VgX(w。另一名候选人贝托·欧洛克提出的实现零排放计划需要5万亿美元q%+jQW+_g%aq;。
纽约州民主党众议员亚历山大·奥卡西奥-科特兹帮助制定了“绿色新政”提案，该提案旨在解决多个主要环境问题L|An+))GTaT[TMX]C@w。据估计，这项提案将耗资大约10万亿美元4=+^G.dHeKmA。
这些想法试图迎合存在政治分析的两党在环境变化问题上日益严重的紧迫感OmgA.a=NCi(_w2JgX。但包括唐纳德·特朗普在内，许多共和党人都指责民主党提出的方案成本高昂，而且无法执行npC2Ggq_DZDTt%JJ。他们认为，这些计划会损害经济,vG0Z@-6p8t@=o)I8]1[。
路透社/易普索上周发布的一项民意调查显示，大多数美国人支持民主党提出的那种“激进的”气候变化行动fY4.;Z9_Ih-R.Ab3ISbg。但是，如果人们意识到计划会让自已付出代价，那支持率就会大幅下滑eM.]ddh6K4Tg70yU~eRO。
伍德麦肯兹公司的报告只关注替换用来发电的化石燃料来源的成本5|K=cpDClq7I.I。美国发电厂使用的其中一个主要化石燃料来源是煤炭V^)N8bblJb;7。煤电厂会释放与气候变化有关的空气污染物和吸热气体9V0qZ%OUqpOEb^kg。
研究指出，用绿色来源替代化石燃料需要对现有电力系统进行“彻底地重新设计”Tj&ZT+Mu3E。
据估计，需要增加1600吉瓦的风能和太阳能，耗资约1.5万亿美元9;v*CNQB2Fz4(Ul9.haG。这是美国目前风能和太阳能的11倍wf5TRhZ=;v8DfOV)#8。研究指出，尽管风能和太阳能的成本一直在下降，但需求激增可能会推动价格上升t#01,.1@NC8Kz。
报告估计，要想将乡村地区的风能和太阳能输送至大城市，需要超过32万公里长的电线N3)hA[0BPaqZJ4+S。这一工程耗资约7000亿美元@%#Gk|VVfk-s230p。
研究指出，如果用更长的时间来实现彻底废除化石燃料来源这一目标，那主要成本可能会降低chu1d]knfk@xoAWO。
布莱恩·林恩报道4n87dF0@v&l#RvQ()GYw。

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