VOA建国史话(翻译+字幕+讲解):杰克逊战胜美国银行
日期:2019-03-27 15:01

(单词翻译:单击)

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Welcome to the MAKING OF A NATION –American history in VOA Special English. The national election of eighteenthirty-two put Andrew Jackson in the White House for a second term aspresident. One of the major events of his second term was the fight against theBank of the United States. Jackson believed that the bank had grown toopowerful. He urged Congress not to renew the bank's charter to do business. Healso stopped putting federal money into the Bank of the United States. Instead,he put the money into state banks. The head of the Bank of the United Stateswas Nicholas Biddle. Biddle fought with all his power to keep the bank open. Hecreated a financial panic and blamed it on President Jackson. Biddle did thisby demanding immediate repayment of loans. Businesses struggled without thebank's financial assistance. Workers lost their jobs. President Jackson waswarned that a mob could march on Washington. But nothing happened. Most of thebattle against the Bank of the United States was fought in Congress. Now, inthis week's program in our series, we continue the story with Bob Doughty andSarah Long.

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Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky led thesupport for the bank. Clay was head of the opposition political party, theNational Republicans. Clay argued his case on the floor of the Senate for threedays. He strongly urged the Senate to re-new the bank's charter. He said:"Thecountry is in the middle of a revolution...not yet a bloody revolution. Butthings are happening that point to a total change of the pure republicancharacter of our government. Power is being centered in the hands of oneman." He meant President Jackson. Clay added: "If Congress does notact, the government will fail. And we will all die as slaves." Clay thenasked the Senate to condemn Jackson for violating the constitution and thenation's laws. The Senate approved the resolution. Things went better for Jacksonin the House of Representatives. James Polk defended Jackson's opposition tothe bank. Polk said: "The bank setitself up as a great, irresponsible, competing power of the government. If thebank wins this fight, no man afterwards can expect to be elected to high officein this country without first surrendering to the bank. The question is,"Polk said, "if we shall have the republic without the bank or the bankwithout the republic."

Astime passed, businessmen began to see that the Bank of the United States wasbeing much tighter in its money policy than was necessary. They began to feelthat it was Biddle -- not Jackson -- who was responsible for the seriouseconomic situation in the country. Biddle took no responsibility for thefinancial crisis. He said: "The relief must come from Congress, andCongress alone. The bank feels no need to right the wrongs caused by thesemiserable people. This president thinks he is to have his way with the bank. Heis mistaken." Biddle then made a serious mistake. He asked the governor ofPennsylvania to make a speech to the state legislature--a speech supporting thebank. At the same time, Biddle refused to lend the state of Pennsylvania threehundred-thousand dollars. The governor was furious. Instead of making a speechsupporting the bank, he made one that sharply criticized it. The upper house ofthe Pennsylvania legislature agreed with the governor. Although Nicholas Biddlethreatened all sorts of action, the upper house passed a resolution thatCongress should not give the bank a new charter. Two days later, the governorof New York proposed that the state sell four or five million dollars of stockfor loans to help state banks. The New York legislature approved selling evenmore. This action would strengthen the state banks and help to break the powerof the Bank of the United States. 4KMHZl;eT0VIXgW#

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Nicholas Biddle began to see that thebattle was lost. He started making more loans to businesses. The economic paniche had started slowly ended. Jackson's victory over the Bank of the UnitedStates was clear. Biddle started to lose the support of many members ofCongress. In the House of Representatives, James Polk proposed four resolutionson the bank. One said the bank should not get a new charter. The secondresolution said government money should not be deposited in the bank. The thirdsaid the government should continue to put its money in state banks. And thefourth proposed an investigation of the bank and the reasons for the economicpanic in the country. All four of these anti-bank resolutions were approved.One of Biddle's assistants described the feelings of bank officials."Thisday," he said, "should be ripped from the history of our republic.The president of the United States has seized the public treasury in violationof the law of the land. And the representatives of the people have approved hisaction." Jackson's words were shorter: "I have won a glorioustriumph."

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The other major event of Andrew Jackson'ssecond term as president was the situation in Texas. In an agreement with Spainin eighteen nineteen, the United States had given up its claim to Texas. Inexchange, Spain gave the United States all of Florida. After Mexico won itsindependence from Spain in eighteen twenty-one, the United States tried to buyTexas. Mexico did not want to sell. When Andrew Jackson became president he,too, tried to buy Texas. Mexico still refused to sell. Texas was a rich land.But it was empty. Mexico decided to permit Americans to build colonies inTexas. Stephen Austin formed the first colony in eighteen twenty-two. Eachfarming family in his colony could have about eighty hectares of land. Eachfamily that wished to raise cattle could have about two thousand hectares. Thesettlers in Texas were able to buy the land for almost nothing. But they had topromise to join the Roman Catholic Church. They also had to promise to obey thelaws of Mexico. Most of the settlers came from the states of Tennessee,Mississippi and Louisiana. Many owned slaves and brought the slaves with themto Texas.

Duringthe eighteen twenties, Americans poured into Texas for the low-priced land. Theleader of one American colony got into trouble with the Mexican government. Hewas ordered to leave, but refused. With the help of a few supporters, he seizedthe town of Nacogdoches. He declared Texas to be an independent republic. Hecalled it Fredonia. This man expected the other American colonists to join himagainst Mexico. He was wrong. Most of the colonists did not support him. Infact, some even joined the Mexican force that put down his rebellion. The manfled back across the border into the United States. The rebellion failed. Butit made Mexican leaders see the danger of continuing to permit Americans tosettle in Texas. The Mexican government sent an official to inspect conditionsalong the border with the United States. The official reported that as hetraveled north through Texas, he saw less and less that was Mexican and moreand more that was American. He said there were very few Mexicans in some towns.And these Mexicans, he said, were extremely poor. He said the American settlerswere not becoming true Mexicans. They were not speaking Spanish. They were notbecoming Roman Catholics. And they were not accepting Mexican traditions. Theofficial said the situation in Texas could throw the whole Mexican nation intorevolution. He urged Mexico to send troops to occupy Texas. That will be ourstory next week.FFo9+4OI5w]=l9g

重点解析

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1.in the middle of 正在…当中;在……中间

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I don't know why he broke off in the middle of a sentence.

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我不知道他为什么说一半就停了T70SGOd0Z;

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2.point to 表明;指出

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High interest rates do not point to a buoyant market this year.

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今年的高利率并不表明市场繁荣Th=DZHBg*uEs#)tt

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3.be responsible for 负责;担负

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You'll be responsible for receiving and talking with all visitors.

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来访者由你负责接谈%^b%qK*JSOR9Yez^9

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4.pour into 涌入;灌注

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The Government continues to pour billions of pounds into its massive road-building programm.

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政府继续向庞大的筑路项目中投入数十亿英镑iF1mGmb(|!_v)MI

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参考译文

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欢迎收听VOA慢速英语之建国史话节目,KbBLZ[d,6xJ2-X2Zm。1832年的全国大选让安德鲁·杰克逊在白宫连任总统c17+R]*u,7b.tTQk。他第二个任期内发生的一个主要事件是与美国银行的斗争[&#Z|!Q~W86@nDqTb。杰克逊认为美国银行发展得太过强大,他敦促国会不要延长银行章程,也不再把联邦资金存入美国银行,而是存入国有银行oqavx,ZoSqb。美国银行行长是尼古拉斯·比德尔,比德尔竭尽全力维持让银行正常营业oB8.1~Ug&#U505xZ。他要求立即偿还贷款,从而导致一场金融恐慌,并将其归咎于总统杰克逊)b6=e]_TNAO5uJ5。没有美国银行的财政援助,企业就会陷入困境,工人就会失业Kr0fDJz-0[i+;+(。有人警告总统杰克逊,说暴徒可能会向华盛顿逼近a4;FDW9xEF。但什么也没发生,反对美国银行的大部分争斗都发生在国会X8v=C0HV.8iYx。在本周的系列节目中,鲍勃·道蒂和莎拉·朗将继续讲述这段故事3SIK=WBmQWUvw%p

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肯塔基州参议员亨利·克莱是支持美国银行一方的领导者,他是反对党国家共和党的领袖5tl,viINu-dXQHkqQ。克莱在参议院辩论了三天,他强烈要求参议院续延银行章程7#)x#HG&i+。他说:“这个国家正在经历一场变革......目前还不是一场血腥革命2TS.hmCM7C。但发生了很多事情,这意味着我们政府纯粹的共和党性质发生了彻底的改变,权力集中在一个人手中pRAt2v101)TIudLG3C)7。”他指的是总统杰克逊[nj.9x*p#JHOsN+[3Y,h。克莱补充道:“如果国会不采取行动,政府将垮台,我们都会像奴隶一样死去CIww(nqAzV。”克莱随后要求参议院谴责杰克逊违反宪法和国家法律WCVI_sra(P4qcBj1s4u。参议院批准了这项决议mSEdPllriYK。在众议院,杰克逊方面的情况有所好转;8V(9#5-[6Qj]*2Cu。詹姆斯·波尔克为杰克逊反对美国银行的观点辩护fo+D=hM]pZ。波尔克说:“美国银行将自己打造成一支强大、不负责任、相互竞争的政府力量OuMlJq,]E5(T~[;2R+Op。如果银行赢得了这场斗争,任何人都必须先向银行低头,才有可能被选为国家高层官员Tj.fxraBS6z.T7。现在的问题是,我们应该要共和国,不要美国银行,还是要美国银行,不要共和国~4X8gmucdW[P~B。”

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随着时间的推移,商人开始意识到美国银行的货币政策过于严格HkH0a5lMl0。他们开始觉得造成国家严重经济形势的人是比德尔,而不是杰克逊K7~1=jeZTe。而比德尔却对金融危机未负任何责任HdygGcG08@Fv*_Qx%t。他说:“国会必须来缓解当前的情况,只由国会出面Nvm1[Xh=@Yg。银行认为没有必要为这些可怜人引发的问题弥补过错,而总统认为他可以用自己的方式解决和银行的纠纷,但他错了-MkYw4V9Te_-3。”后来,比德尔犯了一个严重的错误vEMkmefn4;r。他要求宾夕法尼亚州州长向州议会发表一次支持美国银行的演讲kY0VAjR0]F~。同时,比德尔拒绝向宾夕法尼亚州提供30万美元的贷款mDB|-P,k7q.Uk@S。州长非常气愤,他没有发表支持美国银行的演讲,而是尖锐地批评了银行的行为CuaGQ2f~sB!SUn(v。宾夕法尼亚州议会上议院同意州长的意见uCNOKHJpw2bDO。尽管尼古拉斯·比德尔威胁要采取各种行动,但上议院通过了一项决议,即国会不应续延美国银行的章程J|np+prOxP5kV。两天后,纽约州州长提议出售四五百万美元的股票作为贷款,以帮助国有银行#!@ie@g1[HXgR0。纽约州立法机关甚至批准他们出售更多的股票DC7_TA|uyxDL!#2。这一行动将加强国有银行的实力,有助于打破美国银行的势力o-05;;DVw(t_OTYV

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尼古拉斯·比德尔意识到这场战斗已经失败,他开始向企业提供更多贷款,由他引发的经济恐慌慢慢平息了qlYLie^A9zM607RRW4.y。杰克逊在与美国银行争斗中取得的胜利显而易见,比德尔开始失去许多国会议员的支持U.y;+OiYyu5l#H。在众议院,詹姆斯·波尔克提出了四项关于美国银行的决议S990ARdJ7A4gqj。其中一项表示不应给美国银行授予新章程h=K[-@S@EXUf2KbhVA。第二项决议表示,政府资金不应存入银行|BP&B8ye(_a_aZHn508I。第三项决议表示,政府应继续将资金投入国有银行Qg8VCTl9Y-#3!;i.nH。第四项则提出了对美国银行展开调查,查明引发国内经济恐慌的原因93N#|i(79w#7n。所有四项反银行决议都获得批准vlspbT_Ma.[R,MYIA。比德尔的一位助手描述了银行官员的感受,他说:“应该从共和国的历史中撕掉这天的记录U7zfXOmeIG;。美国总统违反土地法没收了公库,人民代表也赞成他的做法Gwc#FWWy!bU~|。”杰克逊简短地说:“我赢得了辉煌的胜利pi35)Iy[y)lS~)#D&X2u。”

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安德鲁·杰克逊第二任总统任期内发生的另一个重要事件,是德克萨斯州的局势问题vyan6j2=wQ。在1819年与西班牙达成的一项协议中,美国放弃了对德克萨斯州的管辖权~=R!d)2HHg%+|CeL#FX。西班牙作为交换,将佛罗里达州的所有土地交予美国fVoo_XiS(hhWobZAsn9w。1821年墨西哥从西班牙独立后,美国试图买回德克萨斯州,但墨西哥不想卖31Ufp]tul4nECeh@28l。当安德鲁·杰克逊成为总统时,他也试图买下德克萨斯州M^p3S+N84i。但墨西哥仍然拒绝出售%~+6w~0VmaY。德克萨斯州是一个富饶的地方,但那空无一物zB7fm0M^(_MOk。墨西哥决定允许美国人在德克萨斯州建立殖民地0IWw%TVr,-fi(Xt#.Pdz。1822年,史蒂芬·奥斯汀建立了第一个殖民地#_W[9eLE]v2ZufRfkdh。在他的殖民地上,每家农户都拥有大约80公顷的土地=(c7&OFw&E。每个想养牛的农户可以拥有大约两千公顷的土地,在德克萨斯州定居的人几乎不需要花什么钱就能购得土地s]r4IRO5yV1l。但他们必须承诺加入罗马天主教会,还必须保证遵守墨西哥的法律=ebQt|uDJq.OYj.=。大多数定居者来自田纳西州、密西西比州和路易斯安那州,许多人拥有奴隶,并把奴隶带到德克萨斯州]ViPx(H%A^f

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在19世纪20年代,美国人涌入德克萨斯州,购买那里廉价的土地[Y[+|jo~,t*;dkjxHI4。一个美国殖民地首领与墨西哥政府发生了冲突DW0y8BiTJwGI].fY。墨西哥政府命令他离开,但他表示拒绝riIphlgQAN9,|E.。他在几个支持者的帮助下,占领了纳科多奇斯镇eH|JSzcHo1。他宣布德克萨斯成为独立共和国,这个人名叫弗里多尼亚a0IMu*x3dH。弗里多尼亚希望其他美国殖民者能和他一道,反对墨西哥3OcnthNG,24[。但他错了,大多数殖民者并不支持他7%q_Nbff~VrE。事实上,有些人甚至加入了镇压他叛乱的墨西哥军队kV(+yP3T|~,3sY-DnFH。后来,弗里多尼亚越境逃回美国#EyPFE^e[yi。叛乱失败了2_+9I!I1Dx9uNe1f_Qto。但这让墨西哥领导人看到,继续允许美国人在德克萨斯定居是件危险的事;]d3kg_t2q。墨西哥政府派一名官员去视察美墨边境的情况TUyx7tUDuH7。这位官员报告说,当他向北穿越德克萨斯州时,他看到墨西哥的痕迹越来越少,而美国味却越来越浓nmdJ=yLvDbuxw。有些城镇的墨西哥人很少,他们非常贫穷)Pq~bO@S%TXFvPppL。美国定居者并未真正融入墨西哥,他们不会说西班牙语,不是罗马天主教徒,也不接受墨西哥的传统])0QB]mnM^Rf。这位官员说,德克萨斯州的局势可能使整个墨西哥陷入革命之中2PeFV#u+q(+ZX。他敦促墨西哥派遣军队占领德克萨斯州,这将是我们下周要讲述的故事O3*JvxgvbJ2*8

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译文为可可英语翻译,未经授权请勿转载!

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