(单词翻译:单击)
听力文本
THE MAKING OF A NATION -- a program in Special English by the Voice of America.
History is full of examples of leaders joining together to meet common goals. But rarely have two leaders worked together with such friendship and cooperation as American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The two men had much in common. They both were born to wealthy families and were active in politics for many years. Both men loved the sea and the navy, history and nature.
Roosevelt and Churchill first met when they were lower-level officials in World War One. But neither man remembered much about that meeting. However, as they worked together during the Second World War, they came to like and trust each other.
Roosevelt and Churchill exchanged more than one-thousand-seven-hundred letters and messages during five-and-a-half years. They met many times, at large national gatherings and in private talks. But the closeness of their friendship might be seen best in a story told by one of Roosevelt's close advisors, Harry Hopkins.
Hopkins remembered how Churchill was visiting Roosevelt at the White House one day. Roosevelt went into Churchill's room in the morning to say hello. But the president was shocked to see Churchill coming from the washing room with no clothes at all.
Roosevelt immediately apologized to the British leader for seeing him naked. But Churchill reportedly said: "The prime minister of Great Britain has nothing to hide from the president of the United States." And then both men laughed.
The United States and Great Britain were only two of several nations that joined together in the war to resist Hitler and his allies. In January, nineteen forty-two, twenty-six of these nations signed an agreement promising to fight for peace, religious freedom, human rights, and justice.
The three major Allies, however, were the most important for the war effort: the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union. Washington and London did not always agree. For example, they disagreed about when to attack Hitler in western Europe. And Churchill resisted Roosevelt's suggestions that Britain give up some of its colonies. But in general, the friendship between Roosevelt and Churchill, and between the United States and Britain, led the two nations to cooperate closely.
This was not true with the Soviet Union. Moscow did not share the same history or political system as Washington or London. And it had its own interests to protect along its borders and in other areas.
Relations between the Soviet Union and the western Allies were mixed. On the one hand, Hitler's invasion deep into the Soviet Union had forced Stalin and other Soviet leaders to make victory their top goal.
On the other hand, shadows of future problems already could be seen. The Soviet Union was making clear its desire to keep political control over Poland. And it was supporting communist fighters in Yugoslavia and Greece.
These differences were not discussed much as the foreign ministers of the three nations gathered in Moscow in nineteen forty-three. Instead, the ministers reached several general agreements, including a plan to establish a new organization called the United Nations.
Finally, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met together for the first time. They met in Tehran in late nineteen forty-three mainly to discuss the military situation. However, the three leaders also considered such political questions as the future of Germany, eastern Europe, east Asia, and future international organizations.
Later, the Allies made further plans for the new United Nations organization. They arranged for new international economic organizations -- the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. And the Allies agreed to divide Germany into different parts after the war for a temporary period. The Soviet Union would occupy the eastern part while Britain, France, and the United States would occupy the western part.
Washington, London, and Moscow were united during the early years of the war because of military need. They knew they must fight together to defeat the common enemy.
But this unity faded as Allied troops marched toward the German border. Roosevelt continued to call on the world to wait to plan the peace until the last bullet was fired. But Churchill, Stalin, and other leaders already were trying to shape the world that would follow the war. Now, differences between the Allies became more serious.
The most important question was Poland. Hitler's attack on Poland back in nineteen thirty-nine had started the war. Roosevelt and Churchill believed strongly that the Polish people should have the right to choose their own leaders after victory was won. Churchill supported a group of Polish resistance leaders who had an office in London.
But Stalin had other ideas. He demanded that Poland's border be changed to give more land to the Soviet Union. And he refused to help the Polish leaders in London. Instead, he supported a group of Polish communists and helped them establish a new government in Poland.
Churchill visited Stalin late in nineteen forty-four. The two leaders joined with Roosevelt a few months later in Yalta. All agreed that free elections should be held quickly in Poland. And they traded ideas about the future of eastern Europe, China, and other areas of the world.
Roosevelt was in good spirits when he reported to the Congress after his return. "I come home from the conference with a firm belief that we have made a good start on the road to a world of peace," he said. "The peace cannot be a completely perfect system, at first. But it can be a peace based on the idea of freedom."
Churchill had the same high hopes. "Marshall Stalin and the Soviet leaders wish to live in honorable friendship," he told the British parliament after the conference. "I also know that their word is honest."
Roosevelt and Churchill were wrong. In the months after the Yalta conference, relations between Moscow and the western democracies grew steadily worse.
The Soviet Union moved to seize control of eastern Europe. Stalin began making strong speeches charging that Washington and London were holding secret peace negotiations with Germany. And the Soviet Union refused to discuss ways to bring democracy to Poland.
"I have always held the brave Russian people in high honor," Churchill wrote later. "But their shadow darkened the picture after the war. Britain and America had gone to war not just to defend the smaller countries, but also to fight for individual rights and freedoms.
"But," said Churchill, "the Soviet Union had other goals. Her hold tightened on eastern Europe after the Soviet Army gained control. After the long suffering and efforts of World War Two," Churchill said, "it seemed that half of Europe had just exchanged one dictator for another."
Churchill and Roosevelt agreed in secret letters that they must try to oppose the Soviet effort. But before they could act, Roosevelt died. And the world would live through a new war -- the Cold War -- in the years to follow.
Roosevelt's death also ended the deep personal friendship between himself and Winston Churchill. The British leader wrote later about the day he heard the news of the death of his close friend in the White House.
"I felt as if I had been struck with a physical blow," Churchill wrote. "My relations with this shining man had played so large a part in the long, terrible years we had worked together. Now they had come to an end. And I was overpowered by a sense of deep and permanent loss "
The free world joined Churchill in mourning the loss of so strong a leader as Franklin Roosevelt. But it could not weep for long. War was giving way to peace. A new world was forming. And as we will see in our future programs, it was a world that few people expected.
You have been listening to THE MAKING OF A NATION, a program in Special English by the Voice of America. Your narrators were Harry Monroe and Jim Tedder. Our program was written by David Jarmul. The Voice of America invites you to listen again next week to THE MAKING OF A NATION.
重点解析
1.communists 共产党员
The truth is that Christians and Communists are circling each other warily.
事实是，基督徒和供铲谠人彼此谨慎的交织在一起。
2.navy 海军
He has enlisted in the navy.
他已应募加入了海军。
3.religious 宗教的；虔诚的
She disowned her religious belief.
她放弃了自己的宗教信仰。
4.prime minister 首相，总理
Did you listen in to the Prime Minister yesterday evening?
你昨晚收听首相的广播讲话了吗?
5.Soviet Union 前苏联
The Soviet Union, it appeared, had solved this problem through "forced saving"; the Third World, some argued, could fill the "saving gap" with foreign aid.
而前苏联则似乎通过“强迫储蓄”解决了这个问题，还有一些人认为，第三世界可以通过外援填补“储蓄缺口”。
6.International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织
It established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
根据该协定建立了世界银行和国际货币基金组织。
参考译文
《建国史话》——VOA慢速英语节目。
历史上领导人联合起来实现共同目标的例子有很多。但很少有领导人能像美国总统富兰克林·罗斯福和英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔那样友好合作。这两人有许多共同之处。他们都出身于富裕家庭，多年来一直活跃在政界。两人都热爱海洋、海军、历史和自然。罗斯福和丘吉尔的第一次相遇是在第一次世界大战，当时两人都是级别较低的官员。但两人都不太记得那次会议。然而，当他们在第二次世界大战期间一起工作时，他们逐渐喜欢并信任彼此。在五年半的时间里，罗斯福和丘吉尔交换了超过一千七百封信件和信息。
他们在大型国家聚会和私下会谈中多次会面。但是，罗斯福的一个亲密顾问哈里·霍普金斯讲述的一个故事或许是他们之间友谊的最好见证。霍普金斯记得有一天丘吉尔在白宫拜访罗斯福。早上，罗斯福走进丘吉尔的房间向他打招呼。但是，当总统看到丘吉尔从浴室里出来的时候，一件衣服都没有穿，他惊呆了。罗斯福为自己的赤身裸体立即向这位英国领导人道歉。但据报道，丘吉尔说:“大不列颠首相对美国总统没什么可隐瞒的。”然后两人都笑了。美国和英国只是联合抵抗希特勒以及盟国的众多国家中的两个。
1942年1月，这些国家中有26个签署了一项协议，承诺为和平、宗教自由、人权和正义而战。而美国、英国和苏联这三个主要盟国对战争起着最重要的作用。美国政府和英国政府之间的意见并非总是一致。例如，他们在西欧何时攻打希特勒的问题上存在分歧。丘吉尔反对罗斯福让英国放弃部分殖民地的建议。但总体而言，罗斯福和丘吉尔以及美国和英国之间的友谊，促使两国紧密合作。苏联的情况并非如此。莫斯科与华盛顿、伦敦的历史和政治制度皆不同。苏联在边境和其他地区要保护自身的利益。苏联与西方盟国之间的关系错综复杂。一方面，希特勒入侵苏联迫使斯大林和其他苏联领导人将胜利作为首要目标。另一方面，未来面临的问题已可预见，
苏联明确明确希望保持其对波兰的政治控制。并且苏联支持南斯拉夫和希腊的共产主义战士。
1943年，三个国家的外交部长齐聚莫斯科时，并没有过多讨论这些分歧。相反，在几个一般性的协议上部长们达成了一致，包括建立一个新的组织—联合国的计划。最终，罗斯福、丘吉尔和斯大林首次会面。1943年，三人在德黑兰讨论军事局势。然而，三位领导人也考虑了诸如德国、东欧、东亚的未来发展和未来国际组织等政治问题。后来，盟国又为新的联合国组织制定了进一步的计划。他们安排了新的国际经济组织—世界银行和国际货币基金组织。盟国同意在战后暂时将德国分成几个不同地区。苏联将占领东部，而英国、法国和美国将占领西部。华盛顿、伦敦和莫斯科在战争初期因为军事需要团结在一起。他们知道只有联合起来才能打败共同的敌人。但随着盟军向德国边境挺进，这种团结统一关系逐渐破裂。
罗斯福继续呼吁全世界等待和平计划，直到最后一颗子弹被发射。但丘吉尔、斯大林和其他领导人已经在为试图塑造战后世界而努力。如今，盟国间的分歧变得更加严重。首要问题是波兰。1939年，希特勒对波兰的进攻成为这场战争的导火索。罗斯福和丘吉尔坚信，在赢得战争胜利后，波兰人民应该有权选择自己的领导人。丘吉尔支持一批在伦敦设办事处的波兰抵抗运动领导人。但斯大林有其他想法，他要求重新划分波兰的边界，给苏联更多的土地。他拒绝帮助留在伦敦的波兰领导人。相反，他支持波兰共产主义者，并帮助他们在波兰建立新政府。
1940年末，丘吉尔拜访了斯大林。几个月后，两位领导人与罗斯福在雅尔塔会面。所有人都同意在波兰迅速举行自由选举。他们表达自己对于未来东欧、中国和世界其他地区的想法。回国后罗斯福向国会报告时心情大好。他说:“我带着坚定的信念回国，我坚信我们在通往世界和平的道路上已经有了一个良好的开端。”“首先，和平不可能是一个完美的体系。但这种和平可以是基于自由理念的。”丘吉尔也抱有同样的期望。会议结束后，丘吉尔对英国议会说：“斯大林和苏联领导人希望友好相处。”“我也知道他们说这话是真心的。”罗斯福和丘吉尔错了。雅尔塔会议后的几个月里，莫斯科与西方民主国家的关系不断恶化。
苏联控制着东欧。斯大林开始发表讲话，强烈指责美国和英国正在与德国进行了秘密和平谈判。苏联拒绝讨论如何在波兰实现民主。丘吉尔后来写道：“我一直尊重勇敢的俄罗斯人民。”但战后他们的表现使得和平的道路黯然失色。
英美参战不仅是为了保护小国，也是为了争取个人权利和自由。“但是”丘吉尔说，“苏联还有别的目标。苏联军队占领东欧后，便对东欧严格控制。在经历了二战漫长的痛苦和努力后，”丘吉尔说，“看起来一半欧洲的独裁者从一个换成了另一个。”丘吉尔和罗斯福在秘密信件中一致表示，他们必须试图反对苏联。但在行动之前，罗斯福去世了。在接下来的岁月里，世界将历经一场新的战争——冷战。
罗斯福的死也宣告了他和温斯顿·丘吉尔之间深厚友谊的结束。这位英国领导人后来写道，那天他听到了自己的密友在白宫去世的消息。丘吉尔写道：“我觉得自己好像被打了一拳。”“我们之间的关系如此重要，它帮助我们一起度过这漫长艰难的岁月。现在我们天各一方，我被一种深深的、永恒的失落感所压抑。”自由的世界和丘吉尔为失去像富兰克林·罗斯福这样有能力的领导人哀悼。但哭泣不能太久，战争就要结束，和平即将到来，新世界正在形成。正如我们在未来计划中所看到的那样，这样的世界很少有人预料到。
您正在收听的是VOA慢速英语节目《建国史话》。讲述人是哈里·梦露和吉姆·特德。我们的节目是由David Jarmul撰写的，VOA邀请您下周接着收听《建国史话》。
译文为可可英语翻译，未经授权请勿转载！
