经济学人双语拓展(MP3+文本) 第14期:费曼技巧,有效学习
日期:2019-08-24 17:47

(单词翻译:单击)

听力文本

This video is sponsored by brilliant.org, a math and science problem-solving website that helps you think more like a scientist. In a 2007 graduation speech, Charlie Munger told an interesting, but fictional, story about two people: the great scientist Max Planck, and his chauffeur. Max was, undoubtedly, a wise scientist. The people of Germany longed to hear him speak. He toured the country with his chauffeur, giving talks about his work. Day after day, the chauffeur grew tired of hearing the same speech over and over again. Finally, he asked, "Max, can I try giving the speech this time? I've listened to it so many times I have it memorized." Max agreed to let the chauffeur give the speech. He took a seat at the front and put on the chauffeur's hat. The chauffeur pretended to be Max and played the part perfectly. The speech was a success. At the end, a small man rose and asked the chauffeur a question. His response:That's such a simple question, I'm surprised that you would ask it. I'll let my chauffeur answer it. Charlie Munger told the story to highlight the difference between two kinds of knowledge: the deep knowledge that Max had and the shallow knowledge that the chauffeur had. The world is overflowing with information. It's impossible to learn deeply about everything. In fact, there are benefits to having a shallow understanding of ideas. For starters, it allows us to connect with other people in their area of expertise and have conversations with a wide variety of people. It also allows us to understand important things on the surface, which may be better than not understanding at all. In the essence of time, sometimes we have to outsource our understanding to experts. But in my opinion, it's always best not to act on Information we haven't reviewed ourselves if possible, because even experts can be wrong or misinformed. There are dangers associated with attaining shallow information as well. The biggest is that, like the chauffeur, we risk fooling ourselves into thinking we actually understand or know something when we don't. Even worse, we risk taking action on misinformation or misunderstanding. As Richard Feynman famously said, "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself and you are the easiest person to fool." The best way to not be a fool is to think critically and learn deeply. Step one: Explain the topic out loud to a peer who is unfamiliar with the topic. Meet them at their level of understanding and use the simplest language you can. Step two: Identify any gaps in your own understanding or points where you feel that you can't explain an idea simply. Step three: Go back to the source material and study up on your weak points until you can use simple language to explain it. And then, the final step is to repeat the three steps above until you've mastered the topic.

费曼

There are two main goals to strive for when using the Feynman Technique: be simple and concise. See if you can explain the concept to a five-year-old. If you can, try to come up with an original analogy to help you explain the topic. Creating an analogy is a fantastic way to gain mastery over an idea and learn empathy. It forces you to meet the person at their level of understanding and teach them something new by relating it to an idea they're already familiar with. Here's an example of an analogy: the basic structure of a story can be thought of as a pyramid. Tension builds up to maximum and then drops. Of course, there are many different ways to write a story and not all of them can be reduced to such a simple structure. But the image of a pyramid conveys a lot of complex information to the student in a simple manner. They can relate the structure of a story to a shape they're familiar with and have an intuitive understanding of the pyramid. It shows them that there must be tension in a good story. This is commonly referred to as the rising action. The tension must rise to a maximum point which is called the climax. At this point the tension must fall or be diffused. We refer to this as the falling action. Creating an analogy like this forces me to have a deep enough understanding of the topic to relate it to an idea the student is already familiar with. "Any intelligent fool can make things bigger more complex and more violent. It takes a touch of genius and a lot of courage to move in the opposite direction."------E. F. Schumacher. So when should we apply the Feynman Technique to learn more deeply? I'd argue that the two most important places to apply it is when we're making a life-changing decision, or when we're working on our craft. If you want to be an artist you should apply it whenever you're making art so that you can deliberately improve. If you're an engineer you might apply it when you're studying or working on a technical project. The massive advantages of using the Feynman Technique are that it held to develop a true understanding of whatever your learning, allows you to make informed and intelligent decisions applying your knowledge to real-world problems becomes much easier, your teaching skills improved and your capacity to think critically about a topic is increased. The only trade-off is time and effort, even then the time you invest upfront is more than returned later on. This technique was named after Richard Feynman, a Nobel Prize-Winning physicist, in his biography on Richard Feynman, James Gleick said that Richard would create a journal for the things he did not know. His discipline and challenging his own understanding made him a genius and a brilliant scientist. Now that you know his secret. I'm excited for you to step into your own greatness. Like the Feynman Technique, Brilliant.org, also follows a simple yet effective structure that helps you guys learn and grow. Brilliant is a math and science problem-solving website and it's relevant for any person who wants to get ahead in finance, programming, engineering or someone who just wants to think more like a scientist. My favorite course right now is Physics of the Everyday which like it sounds Show Us how the Principles of physics are applied to things we experience in everyday life? Brilliant Mirrors the structure of the fineman Technique you start by thinking through interesting puzzles in a guided sequence which is one of the most effective ways to identify the gaps in your own understanding. When you get stuck you can look up the solution to brush up on your weak points.

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重点词汇解析

render v.致使,造成;给予;递交;表达

These tests were so seriously flawed as to render the results meaningless.

这些测试存在严重错误,致使结果变得毫无意义。


参考翻译

该视频由brilliant.org赞助,brilliant.org 是一个解决数学与科学问题,并会使你像科学家一样进行思考的网站。在2007年的毕业演讲中,Charlie Munger讲述了一个有趣但虚构的故事,故事讲述两个人:一位伟大科学家 Max Planck 和他的司机。毫无疑问,马克斯是一位聪明的科学家。德国人民都渴望能听到他的演讲。他和他的司机巡回了整个国家,并谈到了他的工作。日复一日,司机厌倦了一遍又一遍地听同一个演讲。最后,他问道,“Max,这次我可以尝试发表演讲了吗?我已经多次听过它了。”Max 同意让司机进行演讲,他坐在观众席的前座并戴上司机的帽子。司机则假装成 Max 并进行了一场完美的演讲。这个演讲很成功。演讲最后,一个小男人起身向司机提问。司机回答 "我很讶异你竟然会问这么简单的问题,让我的司机来回答这题就行了。”Charlie Munger 讲述这个故事以强调两种知识的区别:Max拥有的深层知识以及司机拥有的浅层知识。在这个资讯泛滥的世界裡,是不可能深度学习所有的东西。事实上,对于事情拥有浅层知识是有助益的。对于初学者来说,这使我们能够与其他领域的专家进行交流,并且和各式各样的人沟通。这也使我们能了解重要事情的表面,好过于完全不了解整个事情。在有限的时间里,有时我们必须将资讯的理解外包给专家处理。但我认为,最好别对尚未审查过的资讯采取任何动作,因为就连专家也可能会出错或是被误传资讯。而且,也有许多获得浅层的知识相关的危险。最大的危险是:如同司机一样,我们可能让自已以为我们了解一件事情,但实质上并非如此。更糟的是,我们可能会对错误的讯息或错的理解采取动作。正如Richard Feynman所说,“第一个原则是你不能欺骗自己,你是最容易愚弄的人。”不做傻瓜的最好方法就是批判性地思考并深入学习。深度学习一项东西最好的方法之一就是使用费曼技巧。有四个简单的步骤。第一步:向不熟悉某议题的人解释该议题。使用他们能理解的方式,以及最简单的语言向他们解释。第二步:发现自己不能理解的地方或不能简单解释某议题的地方。第三步:回头查看资讯来源并研读自己弱点的地方,直到能用简单的语言来解释它。最后一步则是:重复前面三项步骤,直到能够专精这个议题。使用费曼技巧有两个主要需达成的目标:简单和简要。试试看能不能将一个概念解释给一个五岁小孩理解。如果可以的话,试著用自创的例子(比喻法)来帮助你解释该议题。创造一个例子是一个能增进专精程度并学习同理的好方法。它迫使你用对方的程度来理解,并透过与他们熟悉的议题有关的方式,给予他们新的知识。这里有个关于比喻法的例子:故事的基本架构可以想成是一个金字塔。将张力堆迭至最高点后落下。当然,写故事有许多不同的方法,并不是每个故事都能简化成这么简单的架构。但金字塔的比喻能将复杂的资讯简化并传达给学生。他们能将故事的架构与熟悉的形状(金字塔)进行联系,并有初步的理解,这告诉他们一个好的故事必须有张力,这普遍称为剧情铺陈。张力必须提升至最高点,称为高潮。到这时,张力必须落下或扩散,称之为故事收尾。创造这样的比喻法,会迫使我对这个议题有一定程度的理解以和学生熟悉的议题建立联系。"聪明的傻瓜能把事情搞得更大,更复杂,更暴力。但往反方向发展则需要一点天分以及巨大的勇气。"------E. F. Schumacher那我们什么时候需要使用费曼技术以进行深度学习?我认为使用此技术最重要的两个地方为:当我们面临改变人生的抉择时,或我们在进行工艺时。如果你想成为艺术家,你应该在每次创作艺术时,使用此技巧以便可以刻意地进步。如果你是工程师,你可以在研习或处理技术项目时进行使用。使用费曼技术最大的好处就是:它能使你真正地了解任何你学习的事物、使你做出深思熟虑并有智慧的决定、更为简单地将知识应用到实际问题时,你的教学能力会进步、以及对于议题进行批判思考的能力也会提升。唯一被取舍的是时间和精力。即使如此,之后投资的时间会比一开始少很多。这个技术是以 Richard Feynman ,一个诺贝尔物理学得主命名,在他的自传里,James Gleick 曾说 Richard 会制作一个日志,日志里全是关于他不知道的事情。他的自律以及敢向自己所了解的事物挑战,使他成为一个天才及卓越的科学家。现在你知道了他的秘密,我很期待看见你迈向自己的伟大。像费曼技术一样,Brilliant.org 也有简单却有用的技巧让你学习及成长。这是一个解决数学及科学问题的网站,它也与想在金融、程序设计、工程领域领先的人有关,或甚至只是想和科学家依样思考的人也能使用。我目前喜欢的课程是“日常的物理”,课如其名,它告诉我们一些可以应用到日常经验的物理学原理这个网站使用费曼技术透过规划的序列引导思考的方式,这是发现自己理解漏洞最有效的方式。当你卡住时,可以查看解决方式以复习你的弱点。

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