(单词翻译:单击)
Hi, I'm Craig. And this is Crash Course: Government and Politics.
大家好，我是克雷格，这里是政府与政治速成班。
And today we're going to try to wrap up the incredibly fun and uplifting subject of equal protection and discrimination.
今天，我们将试着结束这个令人难以置信的有趣和振奋人心的话题，即平等保护和歧视。
Because if you thought the fourteenth amendment only protected racial and religious minorities and maybe women to some degree,
因为如果你认为第十四修正案只在某种程度上保护少数群体和宗教群体，也许还有妇女，
then you've underestimated the power of what I call the most important amendment to the Constitution.
那么你低估了我所说的宪法最重要修正案的力量。
Typical leftie nonsense.
典型的左撇子无稽之谈。
You haven't even mentioned the second amendment, the one that gives us the real power to protect ourselves from government overreach.
你甚至没有提到第二修正案，这一修正案赋予我们保护自己不受政府干预的真正权力。
If you're a member of a well-regulated militia, you mean.
也就是说，如果你是一个管理良好的民兵组织的成员。
Right? Oh! Hey guys.
对吧？哦！嘿，伙计们。
Haven't seen you in a while.
好一会儿没见到你了。
That's because you CAN'T STAY ON TOPIC!
那是因为你不能集中注意力！
Given that the Supreme Court has decided that the fourteenth amendment applies mainly to discrete and insular minorities,
鉴于最高法院已决定，第十四条修正案主要适用于离散和孤立的少数群体，
it makes sense that various ethnic groups should be protected against discrimination.
因此，应该保护各族裔群体不受歧视是合理的。
After all, you can't control who your parents are or what country they come from.
毕竟，你不能控制你的父母是谁或者他们来自哪个国家。
If you can, you're a time-traveller.
如果你能控制，你就是一个时间旅行者。
And you should probably use your time-travelling skills to do better things.
你可能应该利用你的时间旅行技能做更好的事情。
Like, end World War II or something.
比如，结束二战什么的。
As long as you are born here, or naturalized, you are a citizen and entitled to the same treatment as other citizens and no one is supposed to discriminate against you.
只要你出生在这里，或者归化了国籍，你就是一个公民，享有和其他公民一样的待遇，任何人都不应该歧视你。
That being said, historically there are certain ethnic groups that have been targets of unfair treatment.
话虽如此，从历史上看，某些种族群体一直是不公平待遇的目标。
Notably, Asians and Latinos.
值得注意的是，亚裔人和拉丁裔人。
Let's start with Asians, as they've been the victims of actual federal discrimination.
让我们从亚裔人开始，因为他们一直是联邦歧视的受害者。
In 1882, Congress created the “Chinese Exclusion Act.”
1882年，国会通过了《排华法案》。
One of the first federal laws aimed specifically at immigrants.
这是第一批专门针对移民的联邦法律之一。
It effectively closed the door on immigrants from China.
它实际上关闭了中国移民的大门。
Later immigration quotas had the effect of discriminating against Southern and Eastern Europeans.
后来的移民配额出现了歧视南欧和东欧的效果。
And if you read the newspaper from the time, that was clearly their intent but they didn't single out any particular group like the “Chinese Exclusion Act” did.
如果你读当时的报纸，你会发现虽然显然是他们的意图，但他们并没有像《排华法案》那样专门针对某个特定群体。
In fact, it was an Asian-American who helped establish that the 14th Amendment Citizenship Clause applied to people born in the US.
事实上，正是一位亚裔美国人帮助确立了《第十四条修正案》公民身份条款适用于在美国出生的人。
In Wong Kim Ark v. U.S., the Court ruled that American citizenship is based on being born here, not the citizenship or nationality of one's parents.
在黄金德诉美国联邦政府案中美国最高法院裁定，美国公民身份的基础是出生在美国，而不是父母的国籍或国籍。
This meant that Chinese people who were born in the US were entitled to the rights of anyone born here.
这意味着在美国出生的中国人有权享有美国公民的权利。
Although in the late 19th Century, when the case was decided, this number was pretty small.
尽管在19世纪末，案件裁决时，这个数字相当小。
A closely related topic that applies to many ethnic Americans has to do with language.
一个与此密切相关适用于许多美国少数群体的话题一定和语言有关。
Whether America should adhere to an English-only standard is controversial and not something that I want to get into right now.
美国是否应该坚持只使用英语的标准是有争议的，我现在不想讨论这个问题。
But it is true that people who don't speak English as their primary language, even if they're born and raised here, can face discrimination.
但事实是，那些母语不是英语的人，即使他们在这里出生和长大，也会面临歧视。
Especially in the political process.
尤其是在政治进程中。
This is why voting guides appear in multiple languages in many states.
这就是为什么投票指南在许多州以多种语言出现。
Another Supreme Court Case, Lau v. Nihcols established that school districts have to provide education for students whose English is limited.
另一起最高法院的案件，刘诉尼科尔斯案，规定学区必须为英语水平有限的学生提供教育。
They can't simply teach in English and disenfranchise those kids who could learn if they received instruction in their native language.
他们不能简单地用英语教学，剥夺那些如果接受母语教学就能学习的孩子的权利。
As you can imagine, this is also controversial on a number of levels.
可以想象，这在很多层面上也是有争议的。
But as in the Brown v. Board of Education case, here we again see how the Court didn't want to create barriers in education,
但是在布朗诉教育委员会案中，我们再次看到法院不想在教育上设置障碍，
because this would have long-term negative consequences.
因为这会带来长期的负面影响。
So it's pretty clear that the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause applies to anyone born in the U.S., but what about immigrants to this country?
所以很明显，第十四条修正案平等保护条款适用于所有在美国出生的人，但是这个国家的移民呢？
What legal protections against discrimination do they have?
移民会受到关于歧视的什么保护呢？
The answer depends on if you're talking about people who immigrated here legally, or illegally.
答案取决于你谈论的是合法移民还是非法移民。
Let's go to the Thought Bubble.
让我们进入思想泡泡。
Okay, the terminology surrounding immigrants is complicated and highly politicized,
好吧，关于移民的术语很复杂而且高度政治化，
and I'm not going to get into whether or not we should be calling people “undocumented” or “aliens”.
我不打算讨论我们是否应该称呼人们为“非法移民”或“外国人”。
But I'm gonna draw a line and say that a person, no matter how he or she got here, can't be illegal.
但是我要画一条线，告诉大家，一个人，不管他或她是怎么来到这里的，都不可能是非法的。
That just doesn't make sense.
这根本说不通。
Anyway: People who emigrate to the US following immigration rules and regulations generally are entitled to the same rights and privileges as citizens, except they are not allowed to vote unless they become citizens.
无论如何：按照移民法规移民到美国的人通常享有与美国公民相同的权利和特权，除非成为美国公民，否则不允许投票。
Those who immigrated here without following the rules, and thus violated U.S. law, do not have nearly the same protections.
那些不遵守规则、因而违反美国法律而移民到美国的人，几乎得不到同样的保护。
Although they do have some.
虽然如此他们确实享有一些保障。
They're usually eligible for medical and educational services, although not for other social services.
他们通常有资格享受医疗和教育服务，但不享受其他社会服务。
At times, states have tried to limit the privileges of this subset of immigrants.
有时，各州试图限制这部分移民的特权。
For example: California's proposition 187 attempted to take away all social services, exceptfor emergency medical care, for those who emigrated unlawfully, although most of its provisions were struck down by the courts.
例如：加州187号提案试图取消所有为非法移民提供的社会服务，但紧急医疗服务除外，尽管该提案的大部分条款被法院否决。
And sometimes federal immigration policy can lead to more discrimination.
有时联邦移民政策会导致更多的歧视。
For example: the 1986 Immigration Restriction and Control Act tried to push the cost of immigration enforcement onto employers by making them responsible for background checks on job applicants' immigration status.
1986年的《移民限制与控制法案》试图通过让雇主负责对求职者的移民身份进行背景调查，将移民执法的成本推给雇主。
Rather than risking fines, employers just discriminated against all immigrants, regardless of their legal status.
雇主没有冒着罚款的风险，而是歧视所有移民，不管他们的法律地位如何。
Maybe you're thinking that we shouldn't care about undocumented immigrants' rights since, almost by definition, they aren't citizens and therefore might not be entitled to protections.
也许你认为我们不应该关心无证移民的权利，因为几乎从定义上来说，他们不是公民，因此可能没有权利得到保护。
However, when we remember that the basic principle behind equal protection is that the courts will step in to protect groups that are unable to defend themselves from the legislative process,
然而，当我们记住平等保护背后的基本原则是，法院将介入保护那些无法在立法程序中保护自己的群体，
then it makes some sense that the courts would look closely at cases involving immigrants, who for the most part, can't work to change policies by voting.
那么，法院将密切关注涉及移民的案件也就说得通了，移民在很大程度上无法通过投票来改变政策。
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
谢谢，思想泡泡。
There's one more ethnic group in the U.S. that gets special treatment in the Constitution, and for good reason, Native Americans.
在美国还有一个族群在宪法中得到了特殊待遇，这是有充分理由的，那就是印第安人。
Since they were here long before the framers of the Constitution, they're the only group mentioned by name in the document.
由于他们早在制宪者之前就在这里，他们是宪法中唯一一个被提到名字的群体。
Unfortunately, the Constitution itself doesn't actually clarify how they are to be treated, and their legal status has changed a lot over the past 250 years or so.
不幸的是，宪法本身并没有明确规定如何对待他们，在过去250年左右的时间里，他们的法律地位发生了很大的变化。
Originally Native Americas were not considered citizens of the U.S.
最初美洲原住民并不被认为是美国公民
but rather of their own sovereign nations, the territory of which the U.S. kept purchasing...
而是他们自己的主权国家，美国一直在购买他们的领土…
well, often stealing... from them.
嗯,经常偷……从他们那儿。
Since 1924 Native Americans have been granted citizen's rights, and so they also get full protection under the 14th Amendment.
自1924年以来，印第安人被赋予了公民权利，因此他们也得到了第14修正案的充分保护。
But tribes also get special consideration in the territory where they are sovereign.
但是部落在他们拥有主权的领土上也会得到特别的考虑。
Which is why, for example, Indians can operate casinos in states that don't allow casino gambling.
这就是为什么印第安人可以在不允许赌场赌博的州经营赌场。
Numerically, Native Americans constitute a “discrete and insular minority”, so it makes sense that the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause would apply to them.
从数字上看，印第安人构成了一个“离散的、孤立的少数民族”，因此第14修正案平等保护条款适用于他们是有道理的。
In many cases, they are also a linguistic minority, so the Lau decision applies too.
在很多情况下，他们也是语言上的少数群体，所以刘一案判决也适用于此。
The laws concerning Native Americans are really, really complicated, and tied up in a pretty shameful history.
关于印第安人的法律非常非常复杂，而且与一段相当可耻的历史有关。
We don't have time to go into detail about them here,
我们没有时间在这里细讲，
but it's important that you know that they are one of the groups that are discriminated against and can receive special consideration in court decisions.
但重要的是，你要知道他们是被歧视的群体之一，可以在法庭判决中得到特别考虑。
So far we've looked at how the 14th Amendment protects groups that are almost always numerical minorities, except women of course,
到目前为止，我们已经看到了第14修正案是如何保护少数群体的，当然除了女性，
and usually consist of people who share immutable characteristics, although the courts also include religious groups here too.
通常由具有不变特征的人组成，尽管这里的法院也包括宗教团体。
But there are other groups who are discriminated against, and Congress has stepped in to help them as well.
但也有其他群体受到歧视，国会也已介入帮助他们。
One such group is people with disabilities.
其中一个群体就是残疾人。
Even trying to describe this group can be tricky, because some disabilities, like missing a limb, are pretty much permanent.
即使试图描述这个群体也可能是棘手的，因为一些残疾，比如失去一条腿，几乎是永久性的。
At least for now.
至少现在是这样。
While others are not.
而其他人则不然。
Many people are born with an attribute that much of society considers a disability,
许多人生来就具有一种社会普遍认为是残疾的特征，
while others develop them as the result of accident or disease or from other factor.
而另一些人则是由于意外事故、疾病或其他因素造成的。
Many people who study disability point out that most of us will become less and less able to function in some way over time.
许多研究残疾问题的人指出，随着时间的推移，我们中的大多数人可能某方面出问题。
It may become harder to walk.
可能是行走有困难。
Or to see.
或者视力有问题。
Or to hear.
或者听力有问题。
And so it's better to think of ourselves as “temporarily abled”.
所以最好把自己想象成“暂时有能力”。
I thought of the eagle as temporarily tabled.
我认为这只鹰是暂时放在桌子上的。
And even calling someone who is blind disabled implies a societal value judgement that the person in question, or others like them, might not share.
甚至打电话给盲人残疾人也暗示着一种社会价值判断，而这个人，或者其他像他们一样的人，可能不会认同。
So disability itself is really, really complicated, which makes the law about it equally so.
所以残疾本身是非常非常复杂的，这使得关于它的法律也是如此。
Leaving aside arguments about what constitutes disabled, about 10% of the American population has some kind of disability.
撇开什么是残疾的争论不谈，大约10%的美国人有某种残疾。
And just looking at the numbers, it appears that employers do discriminate against them.
仅从数据来看，雇主似乎确实歧视他们。
About 35% of people with disabilities are employed, while 72% of people without disabilities are.
大约35%的残疾人有工作，而72%的无残疾人士有工作。
This has a lot to do with why Congress in 1990 passed the Americans With Disabilities Act,
这与国会在1990年通过《美国残疾人法》有很大关系，
which did for people with disabilities what the Civil Rights Act of 1964 did for other minority groups.
该法案为残疾人所做的，与1964年的《民权法》为其他少数群体所做的一样。
LGBT people have recently been extended some civil rights protections.
最近，非异性恋者已经得到了一些扩展的民权保护。
Now, there are no federal civil rights laws aimed specifically at them, but many local ordinances accord them protection against discrimination.
现在，没有专门针对他们的联邦民权法，但许多地方法令给予他们免受歧视的保护。
This is especially important because states have attempted to prohibit local governments from passing ordinances that prevent discrimination against LGBT people.
这一点尤其重要，因为各州已试图禁止地方政府通过防止歧视同性恋者的法令。
Think about that for a second.
仔细想一下。
Local voters wanted to pass laws saying that their community couldn't discriminate,
当地选民希望通过法律规定他们的社区不能歧视，
and the state legislature passed another law prohibiting these anti-discrimination statutes.
州议会通过了另一项法律，禁止这些反歧视法规。
What?
什么？
And since LGBT people are not usually in the majority, and certainly don't make up a majority population in a state, they couldn't do much to protect themselves.
由于非异性恋人群通常不占大多数，当然也不构成一个州的大多数人口，所以他们无法保护自己。
That is, until the Supreme Court stepped in and ruled in Romer v. Evans that states couldn't do this anymore.
也就是说，各州不能再这样做了，直到最高法院介入并在罗默诉埃文斯案中做出裁决。
More recently the Supreme Court in Lawrence v. Texas ruled that state morality laws that were applied against LGBT people,
最近，最高法院在劳伦斯诉德克萨斯州一案中裁定，针对非异性恋人群的州道德法律，
and not against straight people, were a violation of equal protection.
而不针对异性恋者，违反平等保护。
What this means in practice is that everyone has the same right to privacy in their sexual relations.
这在实践中意味着每个人在他们的性关系中都有同样的隐私权。
Very recently, the Supreme Court decided in the landmark case Obergefell v. Hodges that state bans on same sex marriage were unconstitutional.
最近，最高法院在奥贝格费尔诉霍奇斯一案这一具有里程碑意义的案件中裁定，州内禁止同性婚姻是违宪的。
This has the effect of making same sex marriage legal in all 50 states.
这使得同性婚姻在全美50个州都合法化。
Much like the Brown v. Board of Education decision, some states are making attempts to resist the ruling,
就像布朗诉教育委员会案的判决一样，一些州也在试图抵制这一裁决，
and in many states discrimination against LGBT people is still legal,
在许多州，对非异性恋人群的歧视仍然是合法的，
but it seems that the arc of civil rights history is pointing towards justice.
但似乎民权历史的弧线正指向正义。
So as we can see, civil rights protections coming out of the 14th Amendment have been extended to many groups.
所以我们可以看到，第14修正案对公民权利的保护已经扩展到很多群体。
These groups, which include people with disabilities, LGBT people, ethnic groups, and women, have two things in common:
这些群体包括残疾人、非异性恋群体、少数民族群体和女性，他们有两个共同点：
The first is that they have historically been discriminated against, and in many cases the discrimination continues.
首先，他们历来受到歧视，而且在许多情况下这种歧视仍在继续。
The second is that they are numerical minorities - except for women - and this means that they will have a hard time defending themselves in the political arena.
第二，他们是少数民族——除了女性——这意味着他们将很难在政治舞台上为自己辩护。
Luckily they have the 14th Amendment and all the federal and state anti-discrimination legislation on their side, and the courts to back them up.
幸运的是，他们有第14修正案和所有的联邦和州反歧视立法支持他们，法院也支持他们。
Thanks for watching, see you next time.
谢谢收看，下次再见。
You were supposed to be temporarily tabled!
你应该被暂时搁置！
Crash Course: Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
《政府与政治速成班》是与PBS数字工作室合作制作的。
Support for Crash Course: US Government comes from Voqal.
对政府速成班的支持来自Voqal。
Voqal supports nonprofits that use technology and media to advance social equity.
Voqal支持使用技术和媒体促进社会公平的非营利组织，在Voqal.org上了解他们的使命和倡议。
Learn more about their mission and initiatives at voqal.org.
更多关于他们的使命和倡议，请访问voqal.org。
Crash Course was made with the help of all these nice citizens of planet Earth, and of my heart.
速成班是在地球上也是我心里所有这些善良公民的帮助下完成的。
Thanks for watching.
感谢收看！
Thanks for watching.
谢谢收看。
