(单词翻译:单击)
The world isn't always the fairest place, and we don't always do the best job of taking care of each other,
世界并不总是最公平的，我们并不能总是很好地照顾彼此，
which has led to plenty of protests throughout history from sittings to rallies outside government buildings.
历史上引发了众多的抗议活动，从会议到政府大楼外的集会。
Most protests are pretty peaceful, but occasionally they will become destructive, and for a long time crowd psychologists.
大多数抗议活动都很平静，但偶尔会带来破坏，长期以来心理学家一直在思考这个问题。
I've been trying to figure out why people will sometimes go a little bit too far, start flipping cars and looting stores.
我一直试图弄明白为什么人们有时会做得有点过火，开始砸车、抢劫商店。
It turns out it has a lot to do with risk and group identity.
事实证明，暴乱与风险和群体认同有很大关系。
Riots usually happen after months or years of social justice or political troubles, like the 2011 riots across England,
暴动通常发生在数月或数年的社会正义或政治动乱之后，比如2011年的英格兰暴乱，
which happened after years of tension between the public and the police.
英格兰暴乱发生前几年，公众和警察关系一直持续紧张。
Eventually, there's a catalyst, in that case the police shooting of a man named Mark Duggan,
最终，事件愈演愈烈，在这种情况下警察开枪打死了一个叫马克·达根的人，
and it's the last straw that drives people to take to the streets.
这是驱使人们走上街头的最后一根稻草。
Still, just because a bunch of angry people gather doesn't mean there's necessarily going to be a riot.
尽管如此，仅仅因为一群愤愤不平的人聚集在一起并不意味着暴乱一定会发生。
Peaceful protests often involve groups of angry people too.
和平的抗议活动也会存在一群愤怒的人。
every crowd is different and there are multiple ways violence can start.
每个人群都不相同，暴力开始的方式有很多种。
In some cases a riot happens because of some emotionally charged risk-assessment.
某些情况下，暴乱的发生是因为一些情绪化的风险评估。
A few people quickly decide that the crowd is big enough and upset enough that if they take a violent action, everyone else will follow them.
一些人很快就以为人够多，影响够大，如果他们采取暴力行动，其他人就会跟随。
They also believe that there are enough people that the risk of arrest is low,
他们也认为人足够多，被捕的风险就会降低，
so they might throw a rock through a window or help set a car on fire and that's sometimes enough for others to do the same.
所以他们可能会往窗户上扔石头，或者放火烧汽车，有时这就足以让其他人也跟着这么做了。
In other cases how the police handle a crowd can actually be the catalyst.
其他情况下，警察对聚众人士的处理实际上会加剧事态的发展。
Most angry crowds are a mixed bag of both violent and peaceful people, generally most people there don't want to actually cause destruction.
大多数愤怒人群里夹杂着暴徒与和平人士，一般说来，大多数人并不想真正造成破坏。
Still, some studies have observed that the police often treat the entire crowd is dangerous,
尽管如此，一些研究发现，警察经常会将整个人群视为危险人群，
and when the police get hostile, that can sometimes be the spark that pushes peaceful members of the crowd over the edge.
当警察对这些人充满敌意时，有时会更加将和平人士推至暴力的边缘。
No matter how the riot starts, there has to be something that causes the violence to continue.
无论暴动如何开始，总会有某种东西推动其继续发展。
You might have heard about an idea called deindividuation, where rioters stop thinking about their own moral code and blindly follow the crowd,
你可能听说过一种概念叫做去个性化，在这种概念中，暴徒不再思考自己的道德准则，而是盲目地跟随人群，
instead, they sort of lose their sense of self.
他们失去了自我意识。
A lot of psychologists used to think that this happened to people during riots, because it does sound like it makes sense,
很多心理学家曾经认为这发生在暴动人群之中，因为听起来确实有道理，
but decades of research didn't find much evidence for deindividuation during riots,
但是研究几十年都没有找到暴动期间去个性化的证据，
and by the late 1990s, the idea had been pretty much accredited,
20世纪90年代末，这个想法已经得到了认可，
Even though rioters might not make the best decisions, people don't become mindless destructive zombies as soon as the first window breaks,
尽管暴徒做出的决定可能不是最佳，但他们不会一发生暴乱就变成盲目破坏的僵尸，
instead, they're often acting from a powerful sense of group identity.
相反，他们往往表现出强烈的群体认同感。
Rioters are united by a strong set of values and they often are united against the same thing,
暴徒因为强烈的价值观团结一起，他们经常团结起来反对同样一件事，
like a group in the government or another Authority.
像政府或其他权力机构群体一样。
So when riots break out it's not because people lose all sense of self, instead, they're acting in what they see as the best interest of the group.
因此，发生暴动并不是因为人们失去了自我意识，相反，他们所做的一切都是为了群体利益最大化。
Of course riots are still made up of individuals and some people will take advantage of the crowd to commit mindless violence,
当然暴乱仍然是由个人组成，有些人会趁机做出愚蠢的暴力行为，
but as a whole, people are consciously aware of the choices they're making during a riot, even if they aren't the safest choices.
但总的来说，人们对自己在暴乱中做出的选择是有意识的，即使选择不是最安全的。
Since the crowd is so large and destructive continuing to riot can feel like a pretty low risk for a while,
由于人数如此之多，破坏性持续暴动可能会暂时让人感觉风险很低，
but at some point often because more police have arrived, it starts to feel like more of a danger.
但在某些时候，往往因为更多警察的到达，人们开始越发感觉危险来临。
The best way to control a riot still isn't clear, but the hope is that the threat of arrest will get so high
控制暴乱的最佳方法尚不明确，但希望逮捕的威胁会上升
that it will break people's loyalty to the group and they will eventually clear the streets.
从而破坏人们对暴乱组织的忠诚，最终街道上不会再有人闹事。
The most obvious way to prevent the violence and destruction that comes from rioting would be to stop riots from starting in the first place,
避免暴力和破坏最明显的方法就是将暴动扼杀在摇篮之中，
but there isn't really a foolproof way to do that.
但万无一失的方法并不存在。
some psychologists have suggested that authorities should be talking regularly with their communities,
一些心理学家建议，当局应该定期与社区谈话，
so they don't feel the need to riot to make their voices heard.
让他们觉得没有必要通过暴动来让别人听到他们的声音。
but at the end of the day, there will probably be at least occasional riots forever until we do one of two things,
但在一天结束的时候，在我们完成两件事中的一件之前，至少骚乱可能一直偶有发生，
we get rid of all of the injustice in the world, not there yet, but sounds good, or we take away the ability of people to choose to do things.
我们消除了世界上所有的不公，虽然还没有实现，但是听起来很美好，或者剥夺人们对事情的选择，
Freedom is good so we don't want to do that.
自由是美好的，所以我们不想那样。
So right now the best we can do is to care for and support each other and to try to make sure everyone's voice is heard.
所以现在我们最多能做的就是互相关心和支持，并努力确保每个人的声音都被听到。
Thanks for watching this episode of scishow psyche if you are interested in learning more about things like the psychology of risk-taking,
感谢收看本期心理科学秀，如果你有兴趣了解更多关于冒险心理
and the forces that drive our behaviors, you can go to youtube.com/scishow psyche and subscribe.
以及行为驱动力的知识，欢迎登陆youtube.com/scishow psyche订阅我们的节目。
