This is my grandfather. And this is my son.
这是我的爷爷。这是我的儿子。
My grandfather taught me to work with wood when I was a little boy,
在我还是个小男孩的时候，我爷爷教了我做木工活儿，
and he also taught me the idea that if you cut down a tree to turn it into something,
他还教给我这样一个观念：如果你砍下一棵树要把它做成什么东西，
honor that tree's life and make it as beautiful as you possibly can.
尊重这棵树的生命，并且尽可能把这个东西做得漂亮。
My little boy reminded me that for all the technology and all the toys in the world,
我的儿子让我想到世界上所有的技术，所有的玩具，
sometimes just a small block of wood, if you stack it up tall, actually is an incredibly inspiring thing.
甚至有时候就一小块木头，如果你把它堆高，就会变成不可思议的振奋人心的事。
These are my buildings. I build all around the world out of our office in Vancouver and New York.
这些是我的建筑作品。我建造的房屋遍布世界，它们都来自我们在温哥华和纽约的工作室。
And we build buildings of different sizes and styles and different materials, depending on where we are.
我们建造不同大小，不同风格的房子，用不同的材料，看我们在哪儿造房子。
But wood is the material that I love the most, and I'm going to tell you the story about wood.
但是木头是我最喜爱的材料，接下来我会和你们说说木头的故事。
And part of the reason I love it is that every time people go into my buildings that are wood,
我喜欢木头的部分原因是每次人们走进我用木头造的房子时，
I notice they react completely differently.
我注意到他们的反应是完全不同于走进其他房子的。
I've never seen anybody walk into one of my buildings and hug a steel or a concrete column,
我从未见过任何人走进我的建筑，拥抱钢筋或水泥柱，
but I've actually seen that happen in a wood building.
但是我看过他们拥抱木材建筑。
I've actually seen how people touch the wood, and I think there's a reason for it.
我亲眼看过人们触摸那些木头，我认为这是有原因的。
Just like snowflakes, no two pieces of wood can ever be the same anywhere on Earth.
就像雪花一样，地球上任何地方没有两块木头是一样的。
That's a wonderful thing. I like to think that wood gives Mother Nature fingerprints in our buildings.
这太奇妙了。我想木头让我们的房子有大自然的印记。
It's Mother Nature's fingerprints that make our buildings connect us to nature in the built environment.
建筑的自然特征把我们和自然结合在人为建筑环境里。
Now, I live in Vancouver, near a forest that grows to 33 stories tall.
现在，我住在温哥华，靠近33层楼高的树林。
Down the coast here in California, the redwood forest grows to 40 stories tall.
沿着海岸到加利福尼亚，红木林长到40层楼高。
But the buildings that we think about in wood are only four stories tall in most places on Earth.
但是全球用木头做的建筑大多数只有四层高。
Even building codes actually limit the ability for us to build much taller than four stories in many places,
尽管在很多地方，建筑规则限制了我们建超过四层高，
and that's true here in the United States. Now there are exceptions,
美国就是如此。现在对此有一些异议，
but there needs to be some exceptions, and things are going to change, I'm hoping.
但的确需要有异议和要改变的事，我希望。
And the reason I think that way is that today half of us live in cities, and that number is going to grow to 75 percent.
我这样想是因为今天有一半的人住在城市，但将来，这一数字会增到75%。
Cities and density mean that our buildings are going to continue to be big, and I think there's a role for wood to play in cities.
城市和人口密度的增加意味着我们的建筑将来依然会很大，而我认为木头在城市必不可少。
And I feel that way because three billion people in the world today, over the next 20 years, will need a new home.
我这样认为是因为想到当今世界的30亿人，在20年后将需要新的家。
That's 40 percent of the world that are going to need a new building built for them in the next 20 years.
也就是说全球40%人口在20年内需要新的房子。
Now, one in three people living in cities today actually live in a slum.
现在，事实上有1/3住在城市的人是住在贫民窟。
That's one billion people in the world live in slums. A hundred million people in the world are homeless.
这相当于全球有10亿人住在贫民窟，而世界上还有一亿人是无家可归的。
The scale of the challenge for architects and for society to deal with in building is to find a solution to house these people.
建筑师和社会要面对的巨大建筑挑战，是为这些人找到安身之处。
But the challenge is, as we move to cities, cities are built in these two materials, steel and concrete, and they're great materials.
但我们迁移到城市的挑战是城市是由两种材料构成的，钢筋和混凝土，这些是很好的材料。
They're the materials of the last century.
它们是上个世纪最伟大的材料。
But they're also materials with very high energy and very high greenhouse gas emissions in their process.
但这些材料在生产中也有很高的能源消耗和温室气体排放量。
Steel represents about three percent of man's greenhouse gas emissions, and concrete is over five percent.
钢筋占了3%的人类温室气体排放量，混凝土占了超过5%。
So if you think about that, eight percent of our contribution to greenhouse gases today comes from those two materials alone.
所以这样算的话，现在我们产生温室气体中的8%，就来自于这两种材料。
We don't think about it a lot, and unfortunately, we actually don't even think about buildings, I think, as much as we should.
我们不怎么这样思考，更不幸的是，我认为我们甚至根本没把建筑放在眼里。
This is a U.S. statistic about the impact of greenhouse gases.
这是美国关于温室气体效应的统计。
Almost half of our greenhouse gases are related to the building industry, and if we look at energy, it's the same story.
几乎一半的的温室气体和建筑业有关，在能源方面也是同样的。
You'll notice that transportation's sort of second down that list, but that's the conversation we mostly hear about.
你会发现，交通运输其实在这些方面排在第二，但我们最常听到谈论交通。
And although a lot of that is about energy, it's also so much about carbon.
尽管大多是只是关于能源，但它也关系到碳。
The problem I see is that, ultimately, the clash of how we solve that problem of serving those three billion people that need a home,
我认为最终的问题是，如何解决30亿人住房需求
and climate change, are a head-on collision about to happen, or already happening.
和气候改变的冲突，将会很尖锐，或者说已经很尖锐。
That challenge means that we have to start thinking in new ways,
这一挑战要我们必须开始思考新的方法，
and I think wood is going to be part of that solution, and I'm going to tell you the story of why.
我认为木材将会是一个出路，下面我将讲我的理由。
As an architect, wood is the only material, big material, that I can build with that's already grown by the power of the sun.
作为建筑师，木材是唯一够大的、我能用来建筑的、已经依靠太阳能生长好的材料。
When a tree grows in the forest and gives off oxygen and soaks up carbon dioxide,
当一棵树长在森林，放出氧气，吸入二氧化碳，
and it dies and it falls to the forest floor, it gives that carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere or into the ground.
当它的生命到了尽头，会落在森林地上，让二氧化碳回到大气中，或是进入到土地里。
If it burns in a forest fire, it's going to give that carbon back to the atmosphere as well.
如果有了森林大火，它也会让碳回到大气。
But if you take that wood and you put it into a building or into a piece of furniture or into that wooden toy,
但是如果你把木头放在一栋建筑，一件家俱或一个木质玩具中，
it actually has an amazing capacity to store the carbon and provide us with a sequestration.
它就会具有神奇的能力来储存碳，让我们与碳隔离。
One cubic meter of wood will store one tonne of carbon dioxide.
一立方米的木头能够储存一吨的二氧化碳。
Now our two solutions to climate are obviously to reduce our emissions and find storage.
现在我们在气候上的两个解决方法，显然是降低排放量并找到储存处。
Wood is the only major material building material I can build with that actually does both those two things.
木头是唯一一种我所运用的建材中，能够同时做到这两件事的。
So I believe that we have an ethic that the Earth grows our food,
因此我认为我们的准则是地球提供我们食物，
and we need to move to an ethic in this century that the Earth should grow our homes.
我们必须在这个世纪让这个准则改变为让地球建造我们家园。
Now, how are we going to do that when we're urbanizing at this rate and we think about wood buildings only at four stories?
在这样高速城市化的时代，我们要如何做到这一点，而且我们只把木头建筑局限在四层呢？
We need to reduce the concrete and steel and we need to grow bigger,
我们需要减少混凝土和钢筋，我们需要种植更大的树，
and what we've been working on is 30-story tall buildings made of wood.
我们已经在设计建造30层高的木头建筑。
We've been engineering them with an engineer named Eric Karsh who works with me on it,
我们已经和一位名叫埃里克·卡什的工程师开始了设计模拟，
and we've been doing this new work because there are new wood products out there for us to use, and we call them mass timber panels.
我们开始这项新项目是因为刚好有新的木材供我们使用，我们把它们叫做大规模木板。

These are panels made with young trees, small growth trees,
这些木板由新树，小树做成，
small pieces of wood glued together to make panels that are enormous: eight feet wide, 64 feet long, and of various thicknesses.
小的木头粘在一起做成巨大的板，有8英尺宽，64英尺长和各种厚度。
The way I describe this best, I've found, is to say that we're all used to two-by-four construction when we think about wood.
我发现最好的描述方法是，比如说，当我们想到木头时，我们都会想到了2乘4构造。
That's what people jump to as a conclusion.
这是人们通常得到的结论。
Two-by-four construction is sort of like the little eight-dot bricks of Lego that we all played with as kids,
2乘4构造就像我们小时候玩的乐高小八点积木，
and you can make all kinds of cool things out of Lego at that size, and out of two-by-fours.
你可以用乐高那么小的方块做出各种很酷的东西，或者2乘4构造。
But do remember when you were a kid, and you kind of sifted through the pile in your basement,
但是要记得，当你是小孩的时候，你找遍地下室的堆积物，
and you found that big 24-dot brick of Lego, and you were kind of like,
然后找到大的乐高24点积木，你会想，
"Cool, this is awesome. I can build something really big, and this is going to be great."
“酷，太棒了，我可以堆些大东西了，一定会超厉害的。”
That's the change. Mass timber panels are those 24-dot bricks.
这就是改变。大规模木板就是那些24点积木。
They're changing the scale of what we can do, and what we've developed is something we call FFTT,
它们改变我们能做的事的规模，我们已经开放的项目叫FFTT，
which is a Creative Commons solution to building a very flexible system of building with these large panels
这是一个创造性的公共解决方案，我们可以用这些大木板，建立一个很灵活的系统，
where we tilt up six stories at a time if we want to.
如果我们想的话，我们可以一下建起6层楼。
This animation shows you how the building goes together in a very simple way,
这个动画展示了如何简单地组合这样的建筑，
but these buildings are available for architects and engineers now to build on for different cultures in the world,
但这些建筑现在已经可以供给建筑师和工程师来建造，满足世界不同文化、
different architectural styles and characters. In order for us to build safely,
不同建筑风格和特色的建筑。为了我们的建筑安全，
we've engineered these buildings, actually, to work in a Vancouver context, where we're a high seismic zone, even at 30 stories tall.
事实上，我们已经模拟设计了这种楼能适合温哥华多震的环境，最高有30层。
Now obviously, every time I bring this up, people even, you know, here at the conference, say,
显而易见的，每次我提到这，比如现在在会场，大家会说，
"Are you serious? Thirty stories? How's that going to happen?"
“你不是开玩笑吧？30层？怎么可能？”
And there's a lot of really good questions that are asked and important questions
我们被问了很多很好的问题，还有些重要的问题
that we spent quite a long time working on the answers to as we put together our report and the peer reviewed report.
让我们花了很长时间才回答，这些就发生在我们总结我们的报告和专家评审报告时。
I'm just going to focus on a few of them, and let's start with fire,
我打算讲其中的几个，从火灾隐患讲起，
because I think fire is probably the first one that you're all thinking about right now.
因为我想火大概是大家都想到的第一个隐患。
Fair enough. And the way I describe it is this.
这很正常。我这么说吧。
If I asked you to take a match and light it and hold up a log and try to get that log to go on fire, it doesn't happen, right?
如果我让你拿起一根火柴并点燃，再拿起一节原木干并试着把它点燃，做不到，是不是？
We all know that. But to build a fire, you kind of start with small pieces of wood and you work your way up,
我们都知道。但是引发一场火灾，通常是从小片的木头开始，然后慢慢变大，
and eventually you can add the log to the fire, and when you do add the log to the fire, of course, it burns, but it burns slowly.
最后你可以把原木干加进去，当然当你把原木加入火中，它立马就燃烧了，但是很慢。
Well, mass timber panels, these new products that we're using, are much like the log.
巨型木材合板，我们用的新材料，就像这原木干。
It's hard to start them on fire, and when they do, they actually burn extraordinarily predictably,
它们很难被引燃，即便要着火，它们事实上是特别易预测地，
and we can use fire science in order to predict and make these buildings as safe as concrete and as safe as steel.
我们可以用消防学来预测，这样这些建筑就和混凝土一样安全，和钢筋一样安全。
The next big issue, deforestation.
另一个较大的问题是森林砍伐。
Eighteen percent of our contribution to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide is the result of deforestation.
全世界所排放的温室气体中，有18%是由于森林砍伐。
The last thing we want to do is cut down trees. Or, the last thing we want to do is cut down the wrong trees.
砍树是我们最不想做的事，应该说，我们最不想做的是砍错了树。
There are models for sustainable forestry that allow us to cut trees properly,
的确有一些可持续砍伐林地，让我们可以适当地砍树，
and those are the only trees appropriate to use for these kinds of systems.
而那些是唯一适合运用在这些系统中的树材。
Now I actually think that these ideas will change the economics of deforestation.
其实我认为这些想法将会改变伐木业的经济状况。
In countries with deforestation issues, we need to find a way to provide better value for the forest
针对有砍伐森林问题的国家，我们要找到一个方式帮助森林创造更大的价值，
and actually encourage people to make money through very fast growth cycles
并且实际鼓励人们透过快速的生长周期来赚钱，
10-, 12-, 15-year-old trees that make these products and allow us to build at this scale.
十、十二或十五年生的树木，能用来制作这些产品，而且可以让我们建造这样大规模的建筑物。
We've calculated a 20-story building: We'll grow enough wood in North America every 13 minutes.
我们计算过一栋二十层楼高的建物：只要每十三分钟在北美种植的树木就足够了。
That's how much it takes. The carbon story here is a really good one.
只要这么多就够了。在这里碳足迹是很好的问题。
If we built a 20-story building out of cement and concrete,
如果我们用钢筋水泥建造二十层楼高的建筑物，
the process would result in the manufacturing of that cement and 1,200 tonnes of carbon dioxide.
水泥的整个制造过程会产生一千二百吨的二氧化碳。
If we did it in wood, in this solution, we'd sequester about 3,100 tonnes, for a net difference of 4,300 tonnes.
如果我们用木头来建造，用同样的算式，还能吸收三千一百吨的二氧化碳，这可是四千三百吨的差别。
That's the equivalent of about 900 cars removed from the road in one year.
相当将九百辆汽车从公路上移开一整年。
Think back to that three billion people that need a new home, and maybe this is a contributor to reducing.
回头想想那三十亿人，他们需要一个新的家，也许这是减少碳排放量的好方式。
We're at the beginning of a revolution, I hope, in the way we build,
我希望我们建造的方式能够引领风潮，
because this is the first new way to build a skyscraper in probably 100 years or more.
因为这大概是百年来第一次用新的方式来建造摩天大楼。
But the challenge is changing society's perception of possibility, and it's a huge challenge.
然而，要挑战的是社会对于可能性的接受度，这是很大的挑战。
The engineering is, truthfully, the easy part of this. And the way I describe it is this.
毫无疑问的是，工程是最简单的一部分。这样说好了。
The first skyscraper, technically -- and the definition of a skyscraper is 10 stories tall, believe it or not
第一栋摩天大楼，技术上来说--摩天大楼的定义应该是十层楼以上，信不信由你，
but the first skyscraper was this one in Chicago, and people were terrified to walk underneath this building.
这是第一栋摩天大楼，位于芝加哥，人们当时害怕走在它的下面。
But only four years after it was built, Gustave Eiffel was building the Eiffel Tower,
但是只在它完工的四年后，居斯塔夫·埃菲尔建了埃菲尔铁塔，
and as he built the Eiffel Tower, he changed the skylines of the cities of the world,
当他建了埃菲尔铁塔后，他改变了世界城市的天际线，
changed and created a competition between places like New York City and Chicago,
他改变也创造了一个像纽约与芝加哥这类城市之间的竞赛，
where developers started building bigger and bigger buildings and pushing the envelope up higher and higher with better and better engineering.
在城市里，开发商开始建造更大的建筑物，挑战越来越高的极限和更高技术的工程。
We built this model in New York, actually, as a theoretical model on the campus of a technical university soon to come,
我们在纽约建造了这个模型，其实是要作为一所科技大学即将建造在校园中的模型，
and the reason we picked this site to just show you what these buildings may look like, because the exterior can change.
我们挑选这个位址的原因是让你看看这些建筑可能的样子，因为外观是可以改变的。
It's really just the structure that we're talking about.
我们讨论的真的只是结构问题。
The reason we picked it is because this is a technical university,
我们选择这里是因为它是科技大学，
and I believe that wood is the most technologically advanced material I can build with.
我相信木头在科技上是最先进的材质，让我能运用在建筑中。
It just happens to be that Mother Nature holds the patent, and we don't really feel comfortable with it.
这恰好是大自然持有的专利，我们只是不太能接受而已。
But that's the way it should be, nature's fingerprints in the built environment.
但我们却应该让大自然的指纹存在于建筑中。
I'm looking for this opportunity to create an Eiffel Tower moment, we call it.
我想找个机会创造一个艾菲尔铁塔时刻。
Buildings are starting to go up around the world.
我们开始在世界各地建造房子。
There's a building in London that's nine stories, a new building that just finished in Australia that I believe is 10 or 11.
有一栋九层楼的建筑在伦敦，还有一栋刚完成的新建筑在澳洲，有十或十一层楼高。
We're starting to push the height up of these wood buildings, and we're hoping, and I'm hoping,
我们开始拉高这些木制建筑，我们希望，我希望，
that my hometown of Vancouver actually potentially announces the world's tallest at around 20 stories in the not-so-distant future.
我的家乡温哥华，在不久的将来能有一栋世界最高的二十层楼左右的木制建筑。
That Eiffel Tower moment will break the ceiling, these arbitrary ceilings of height,
那个埃菲尔塔时刻能有所突破，突破高度的限制，
and allow wood buildings to join the competition. And I believe the race is ultimately on. Thank you.
让木制建筑参与竞争。我想，这个比赛已经开始了。谢谢！