(单词翻译:单击)
The universe today is pretty well-organized.
现在的宇宙很有秩序。
Planets orbit stars, stars fill galaxies, and galaxies drift in huge clusters.
行星围绕恒星转，恒星填充星系，星系在巨大的星系团中漂移。
But it wasn't always like that:
但它不总是这样的：
in the aftermath of the Big Bang, everything was pretty evenly distributed throughout everywhere.
大爆炸之后，天体在各处均匀分布。
And with the discovery of an enormous black hole that's older and farther away than any we've ever seen,
我们发现了一个时间更长、距离更远的巨大黑洞，
we've taken another step toward figuring out how that early universe turned into what we know today.
进一步确定了早期宇宙如何变成我们今天所知的样子。
In a paper published this week in the journal Nature,
在本周发表于《自然》杂志上的一篇论文中，
an international team of astronomers described J1342+0928, a type of active black hole known as a quasar.
一个国际天文学家小组描述J1342+0928是一种被称为类星体的活跃黑洞。
It has 800 million times the mass of our sun, is more than 29 billion light-years away,
它的质量是太阳的8亿倍，超过290亿光年远，
and we're seeing what it looked like just 690 million years after the Big Bang.
我们现在看到的是它大爆炸后6亿9千万年的样子。
Quasars are some of the brightest objects in the universe,
类星体是宇宙中最明亮的天体，
which might seem pretty weird since at their centers are gigantic black holes.
它们看起来奇怪是因为它们中心是巨大的黑洞。
They form when gigantic black holes gorge themselves on a nearly-endless supply of gas, dust, and stars.
它们在巨大黑洞吞食近乎无穷的气体、尘埃和星体时形成。
As this material rushes into the abyss,
随着这些物质冲进深渊，
it gets ripped apart and piled up into what's known as an accretion disk,
它们被撕开，堆积成所谓的吸积盘，
a disk of matter swirling around the black hole.
即一个物质盘围绕黑洞旋转。
All that ripping apart and smashing together produces an unimaginable amount of heat,
所有的撕裂和碰撞产生了难以想象的热量，
which glows white-hot and shoots out in a super bright beam perpendicular to the disk.
它发出白热光，一条垂直于吸积盘的超亮光束射了出来。
This particular quasar shines about 400 trillion times brighter than our sun.
这个特殊类星体的亮度大约是太阳的400万亿倍。
And even so, it wasn't easy to find.
即使如此，它也不好找。
The team had to search three different telescope surveys to find an object with just the right characteristics
研究小组必须搜查三种不同望远镜的调查，才能找到具有正确特征的天体，
and then double check their work with yet another observation.
然后再次观察第二次确认他们的结果。
One of the mysteries of the early universe is how these enormous black holes could get so big, so quickly.
早期宇宙的一个神秘之处在于，这些巨大黑洞是如何变得如此之大，如此之快的。
And this one is a new piece to that puzzle.
这次发现为解决这个谜题提供了新线索。
Even gobbling up material as fast as astronomers think could be theoretically possible
让黑洞以天文学家想到的最快速度吞噬物质，虽然从理论上讲是可能的，
wouldn't be enough to build something this large in 690 million years,
但在6亿9万年的时间里建造这么大的天体是不够的，
which tells them that one of two things must've happened.
也就是肯定发生了两种情况之一。
Either the black hole was somehow able to bypass this theoretical limit,
要么黑洞可以绕过这个理论极限，
or when it started its life, for some reason it already had more than a thousand times the mass of our sun.
要么它开始有生命时，因为某种原因，其质量已经是太阳的一千多倍了。
Either way, there was definitely something weird and different going on with black holes in the early universe.
不管是哪种，早期宇宙的黑洞绝对有不同的怪事发生。
And that's not even all the clues this quasar has to offer.
但这颗类星体不足以提供所有的线索。
By measuring how certain colors of light are absorbed by gas surrounding the quasar,
研究人员通过测量类星体周围大气吸收的特定颜色的光，
the researchers found that a lot of that gas is electrically neutral.
发现很多气体都是电中性的。
Today, there's very little neutral gas in the universe,
如今，宇宙中几乎没有中性气体，
it's mostly plasma, which is made of electrically charged particles.
大多数是由带电粒子构成的等离子体。
And it's been that way since what's known as the epoch of reionization,
它从再电离时期就这样了，
the period from about 400 million to a billion years after the Big Bang,
再电离时期是在大爆炸后的4亿到10亿年间，
when the neutral hydrogen atoms that filled the universe started to lose their electrons.
那时填充宇宙的中性氢原子开始失去电子。
Every ancient quasar like 0928 provides a data point to help scientists track that transition
每个像0928这样的古老类星体都提供了一个数据点来帮助科学家追踪那个转变，
and figure out what the universe was like back then.
然后找出宇宙当时的样子。
All in all, it's a really good find!
总而言之，这是一个很好的发现!
Unfortunately, that same level of success wasn't in the cards for the Russian space agency Roscosmos last week.
不幸的是，上周俄罗斯航天局(Roscosmos)未能获得同样的成功。
In what must be the absolute worst nightmare of any mission controller,
这对于任何任务控制器来说绝对是噩梦，
they launched a rocket into space, only to watch it turn around and fly right back down.
他们向太空发射了一枚火箭，只看到它转过身又飞了回来。
And as it burned through the atmosphere, it took the 19 satellites it was carrying down with it.
当它在大气层中燃烧时，还带着19颗卫星。
Making all this feel even worse is that this seems to have been the result of a simple programming error
更糟糕的是，这似乎是一个简单编程错误的结果，
of a kind that should've been caught before liftoff.
是在发射前就该被揪出的那种。
The flight's first stage, powered by Russia's reliable Soyuz rocket, went off without a hitch.
飞行的第一阶段由俄罗斯可靠的“联盟号”火箭提供动力，顺利起飞。
Which is good because it's also used to send people to space.
这个阶段很好是因为“联盟号”曾把人送到过太空。
The problem came from what was on top of the rocket.
问题来自于火箭顶部。
After separating from the Soyuz,
在它与“联盟号”分离后，
the Fregat upper stage was supposed to fire its engine twice to put the satellites into their exact orbits.
弗雷盖特（Fregat ）的上面级应该两次发动引擎，将卫星送入精确的轨道。
And it did try. Except it was facing down toward the Earth.
它做了尝试，只是它朝下面向地球而已。
Which is really not what you want when you're trying to get to space.
这不是你要进入太空想要的结果。
So what happened?
所以发生了什么事？
For decades, the Soyuz has launched from a spaceport in Baikonur, Kazakhstan,
几十年来，“联盟号”从哈萨克斯坦拜科努尔的一个宇航中心发射升空，
but this mission marked the second launch from Vostochny, a new location in Russia's far east.
但这次任务标志着俄罗斯远东地区新发射点——东方港的第二次发射。
Although the Soyuz had been reconfigured for this new launchpad,
尽管“联盟号”已经为这个新发射台重新配置了，
the Fregat upper stage was still programmed to assume the flight came from Kazakhstan,
弗雷盖特（Fregat ）的上面级仍然被设定为假设飞行来自于哈萨克斯坦，
which left the control computer totally confused about how it was oriented.
这导致控制计算机完全搞不清它如何定位。
What's worse, this is the fourth failure for the Fregat in the last eight years.
更糟糕的是，这是过去8年来弗雷盖特的第四次失败。
And back in 2013, a different Russian rocket flipped completely upside down shortly after liftoff.
早在2013年，一枚不同的俄罗斯火箭在升空后不久彻底翻转。
An accident investigation later revealed that critical sensors in that rocket had been installed upside down,
一项事故调查后来显示，该火箭上的关键传感器被倒置安装，
despite "this end up" arrows painted on each part.
尽管“此端向上”的箭头指向每个部件。
So, here's hoping they can get their quality control problems sorted out.
所以，希望他们能把质量控制的问题解决。
Okay, so exciting announcement in a happy way:
好了，让我们兴奋地宣布一个令人激动的消息：
We here at SciShow put together and a site of very special finds that we think you'll love.
我们的科学秀整理了一个网站，里面是我们认为你会喜欢的非常特殊的发现。
It's called, SciShow Finds.
它叫做SciShow Finds。
These are cool, weird things that will help you learn, experiment on yourself,
这些有趣奇怪的事物将会帮你了解、体验、
or display your enthusiasm for the universe.
或展示你对太空的热情。
You're bound to have friends or family who would love these Mars Socks or this space shuttle lapel pin.
你一定会有朋友或家人喜欢这些火星袜子或太空梭子别针的。
And we'll keep adding new finds as we "find" them throughout the year,
我们会继续增加全年的新发现，
but these are only available for a limited time, so check 'em out now!
但时间有限，所以现在就查看吧！
Thanks for supporting SciShow and for being excited about science with us!
感谢您支持太空科学秀，和我们一起兴奋地探讨科学！
