(单词翻译:单击)
Right now, there are people living and working in an artificial satellite about the size of a football field, zooming around the earth at 26,000km/hour.
现在，有人在人造卫星上居住和生活，它有足球场那么大，以每小时26,000公里的速度围绕地球旋转。
Which is awesome! But we didn't learn how to do that overnight.
这很棒！但我们一夜之间学不会的。
There were a few different space stations before we built the International Space Station.
在我们建成国际空间站之前，就已经有几个不同的空间站了。
And the one that stuck around for the longest was Mir, a space station launched by the Soviet Union in the 1980s.
其中停留时间最久的是“和平号”空间站，它是前苏联在19世纪80年代发射的。
Mir was compared to everything from a graceful dragonfly to a hedgehog to a death trap, and for good reason.
“和平号”空间站的比喻几经转换，从一只优雅的蜻蜓到一只刺猬，再到死亡陷阱，这都是有原因的。
It taught us a lot and was home to tons of accomplishments,
“和平号”空间站教会了我们很多东西，也获得了无数成就，
but most days, Mir was also a mess of mold and electrical problems...even when it wasn't literally on fire.
但大部分时间，即使它没发生火灾，它也是霉菌和电子问题等的垃圾场。
Mir wasn't the Soviet Union's first space station.
它不是前苏联发射的第一个空间站。
Instead, it was designed to succeed the Salyut program, which ran from the 1970s to the 80s.
它是为接任“礼炮号”项目而设计的，这一项目的时间是上世纪七十年代到八十年代。
Like the ISS, Mir was modular, meaning it was launched in pieces and assembled in orbit over several years, starting in 1986.
和国际空间站一样，“和平号”是太空舱，这意味着它从1986年发射起，在几年内被分批发射到轨道上并在其上组装完成。
It's hard to translate its name into English, but Mir means something along the lines of "world", "village", and "peace", and many cosmonauts remember it fondly.
我们很难把它的名字翻译成英文，但“Mir”可能是世界、群落与和平之类的词汇，许多宇航员都很怀念它。
But by the time Americans began joining the missions in 1995, the station was an accident prone mess.
但当美国人在1995年开始加入这项任务时，这个空间站成为事故频发之地。
For one thing, there was never enough on board storage,
一方面，空间站从来没有足够的储存空间。
and there also wasn't enough room on the ships returning from Mir to carry all the garbage away,
从“和平号”上返回的飞船也没有足够的空间把所有的垃圾都运走。
so over time, the place became packed with junk.
所以经年累月，这里堆满了垃圾。
Then there was Mir's microbe problem.
还有就是“和平号”上的微生物问题。
According to some astronauts, after years of people continuously living there, the place got a little...smelly.
根据一些宇航员的说法，人们在这里生活数年，导致这个地方有点…发臭。
Scientists knew the station might have basically turned into a giant, orbiting petri dish, so they had astronauts collect some samples.
科学家们知道空间站可能已经变成了一个巨大的旋转培养皿，所以他们让宇航员收集一些样本。
And it was worse than they ever imagined.
情况比他们想象中的还要糟糕！
When astronauts removed a few instrument panels,
当宇航员移走了一些仪表板时，
they were greeted by floating basketball-sized globs of filthy water, where unspeakable things were growing.
迎接他们的是漂浮的篮球大小的脏水，里面有不知名的东西在滋长。
The water had gotten trapped behind the panels, and the air back there was nice and warm,
因为水被仪表板挡住了，所以那里的空气很温暖，
making it a tropical paradise for mold, mildew, and bacteria.
这使得它成为了霉菌和细菌的热带天堂。
Besides the fact that that's totally disgusting, it was also a risk to the crew's health in more ways than one,
它除了非常恶心之外，对宇航员的身体健康也造成了多方面的伤害。
because some microbes could have corroded steel and threatened the structural integrity of the station.
因为一些微生物可能腐蚀了钢铁，威胁到空间站的结构完整性。
Unfortunately, humans are always carrying microbes in our body, so we can't leave all the germs back on Earth, and even the ISS has had some problems.
不幸的是，人类总是携带着微生物，所以我们不能把所有的细菌都留在地球上，甚至国际空间站上也存在一些问题。
But after Mir, better monitoring techniques were developed to help astronauts stay on top of things,
但在“和平号”之后，人们研发了更好的监测技术来帮助宇航员掌控一切，
and keeping the station in working order has also helped.
对保持空间站的工作状态也有所帮助。
Mir had periodic power outages, which helped the heat and humidity climb to those more microbe-friendly levels.
“和平号”有周期性断电，这使得温度和湿度更有利于细菌生长。
Since Mir, we've also gotten a lot better at steering resupply modules, which visit the ISS to drop off supplies and experiments.
因为“和平号”，我们学到了许多经验，控制补给舱为国际空间站送去物资和实验设备。
Once in 1994 and again in 1997, piloting problems caused modules to bump into Mir, and the accident in 1997 was especially bad.
在1994年和1997年，都发生了操作问题导致太空舱碰撞“和平号”的事故，1997年的尤为严重。
Because of some risky piloting maneuvers, there was a major crash that seriously damaged the station's Spektr module,
因为一些危险的操作动作，对“和平号”造成严重撞击，导致其“光谱号”舱受到严重损害，
a science lab designed to monitor Earth from above.
它本来是一个专门用来监视地球的科学实验室。
The hull was breached, and even though astronauts were able to patch the hole and stop air escaping, Spektr was never fully usable again.
它的舱体被打破了，即使宇航员能够修补好漏洞，阻止空气逸出，“光谱号”也不能再全力使用了。
Now, crashing something into your space station is never a good sign, but there was one accident that was even more dangerous: a fire.
现在，有东西撞进你的空间站绝不是一个好兆头，但有的事故甚至比这更危险：着火。
A fire in space is a lot scarier than one on Earth, because you can't just run outside and get away from it:
太空着火比在地球上着火更恐怖，因为你不能跑到外面去躲避，
You're trapped in a small, enclosed area with a burning inferno.
只能被燃烧的地狱困在狭小密闭的空间里。
This one could have injured or even killed the people on board, but luckily no one was badly hurt.
这种情况能使太空舱的人受伤甚至死亡，但幸运的是，没有人受过严重的伤。
The blaze came from a faulty oxygen generator.
这场大火来自于一个有缺陷的氧气机。
These devices, informally called candles, were about the size of a spray paint can,
这些被戏称为蜡烛的装置，大约和喷漆罐一样大，
and they produced oxygen by burning lithium perchlorate, a salt made of lithium, chlorine, and oxygen.
它们通过燃烧高氯酸锂来产生氧气，高氯酸锂是一种由锂、氯和氧制成的盐。
Usually, candles are pretty safe, and they're still used as oxygen backups on the ISS today,
通常情况下，蜡烛非常安全，它们如今仍是国际空间站的氧气后备。
but this one malfunctioned and burned out of control.
但是这一罐发生了故障，失去控制地烧了起来。
It was so hot that one astronaut reported seeing what he thought was dripping wax,
它太热了，一个宇航员报告说他认为自己看到了滴状的蜡，
but it was actually molten metal because the fire was so hot.
因为火焰太热，它实际是熔化的金属。
Thankfully, the blaze wasn't pointed at the station's outside walls, where it could have damaged the hull.
万幸的是，大火并没有烧向空间站的外壁，要不然它可能会损坏舱体。
And the crew had recently cleaned up the mess in the area, so they had an escape path and could put out the fire.
由于宇航员们最近清理了该区域的杂物，所以他们有了逃生通道，能灭火了。
Afterward, quality control of the candles was improved, so something like this would never happen again,
随后，蜡烛的质量控制得到改善，所以类似的事件再没有发生。
and the ISS now takes multiple precautions if a fire is detected, like cutting power and venting the oxygen in that area.
现在，如果检测到火灾，国际空间站将采取多种预防措施，如切断电源，抽走那区域的氧气。
Finally, after 15 years of triumph and chaos, Mir was sent back to Earth in 2001, where it cannonballed into the Pacific Ocean.
最终，经过15年的胜利和混乱，“和平号”于2001年返回地球，它像炮弹一样投入太平洋。
Even though it had its rough days, Mir was only designed to fly for five years,
“和平号”原先计划只飞行5年，虽然过程坎坷，
so it's pretty impressive that it lasted as long as it did.
但它持续得时间相当惊人。
It outlived the Soviet Union and stuck around long enough to see the ISS succeed it.
它超越了苏联存在的时间，一直等到国际空间站继任。
And a lot of the reason the ISS is so successful today is because of lessons learned on Mir.
国际空间站之所以如此成功，很多要归因于从”和平号“上吸取的经验教训。
So even though we might sometimes poke fun at that orbiting struggle bus,
所以，即使我们有时会嘲笑“和平号”，
it also set records, housed countless experiments, and changed the way we live in space today.
但它创造了诸多记录，进行了无数的试验，改变了我们如今在太空的生活方式。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Space!
感谢您收看本期的太空科学秀！
If you want to learn more about early space stations, you can check out our episode about Skylab, America's first space station.
如果你想了解更多早期空间站的内容，可以看看我们“太空实验室”的节目，它是美国的第一个空间站。
And for more videos every week, you can head over to youtube.com/scishowspace and subscribe.
想要每周看更多的视频，你可以登录youtube.com/scishowspace点击订阅哦！
