原文视听

and so if you think about, that works really well if you're drawing it

如果你愿意的话 还是很好画的

There were four corners and not be just like this

只需要像这样画四个角

Some math puzzle for Grade 1, right

像小学一年级的数学题 对吧

And so if you have four, you just fill in four more

有了四个角之后 只需在中间再填上四个

Third big castle, and the castles are in the middle of the walls

在城墙中间的是第三大的城堡

And then there's a moat out here and then there's an interior castle,

外面有护城河 里面还有城中城

within the external walls, which again have a series of round walls

城中城也有外围的城墙

This would be a later castle, this wouldn't be a castle

这是晚期的城堡形式

in earlier Medieval times

不是中世纪早期的城堡

or Hector won the lottery or something,

这个城堡真是太好了

I mean this way too nice

Hector真是撞了头彩

But it's elaborate, they use terms, and of course,

它精致又耐用

there's a drawbridge and there's a moat

有吊桥和壕沟

And they're gonna talk about the moat,

来说说壕沟吧

and so across the moat, there's a drawbridge,

壕沟上横跨一座吊桥

and there's always the gate

这里通常是大门

where you can trap people and pour boiling oil on them

而这里就成为了把敌人困住然后浇热油

or put trap doors on them or crush them with logs,

或者用滚木砸的那种陷阱

whatever you wanan do with them,

那种把人们困住之后你可以为所欲为的陷阱

that we're gonna read about later too, in other words,

我们等会儿在讲Erec时

especially in Erec

也会提到这个

When we use the term "Keep"

我们讲中世纪早期的城堡是什么样的

when we talked before about the earlier medieval castles looked like

我们用到了"Keep"这个词

You know, you've seen Braveheart right?

你们看过勇敢的心对吗

A lot of you have seen Braveheart

绝大多数人都看过勇敢的心

And the castle at the beginning of Braveheart,

勇敢的心开头时他们被杀的那座城堡

where they killed, after Mel's honey gets her throat slit

Mel的妻子被杀之后

and Mel comes back and kicks butt,

Mel回来反击 他们去到的那座城堡

and they go on to the castle, the original big dude

那个原始的大家伙

When they get to it, what does it look like?

当他们到达时所看到的城堡是什么样的呢

It looks like Fort Apache or something

像是木塞一类的东西

I mean it's a wood fort

我的意思是 它是一个木头城

That is what early castles were like,

那才是城堡的原型

unless somebody was someplace for a long time

而不是什么人可以常驻的地方

And if you remember, once they broke through

而且如果你们还记得 当破城之后

the outer defenses they went to this elevated area that was wooded in again,

在他们曾经围攻的地方重新种上树木

that would be your Keep,and so the the Keep

那就是Keep

was the area where the Lord would stay or something

主会待在那里的地方就是Keep

So it was just an area within the exterior part of the castle

它只是一个城堡的外围区域

And so, some of these terminology, I'm not gonna ask you about,

一些术语我是不会问的

but you know, might leave through your dictionary or something

但是会留给你们自己查字典

The typical warfare in medieval times was "siege warfare"

围攻战术是中世纪时的一种典型战术

Again going back to Braveheart, if you remember,

再说一下勇敢的心 如果你们记得的话

after the initial military victories, if you saw the movie

如果你们看了那个电影 我想你们中的一些人应该看了这个电影

Some of you just went to see the movie people, I'm sure

当影片最开始军队胜利之后

But after the initial victories, what were they doing?

在他们打了胜仗之后 他们做了什么呢

They were laying siege to York

他们围攻了约克郡

Then after they won the siege the city surrendered

当他们围攻胜利之后

What did they do?

他们做了什么呢

视频及简介

欧洲最早的人类居住遗迹可以回溯到公元前35000年的欧洲旧石器时代。定居点、农耕技术和驯养家畜出现于前7000年的欧洲新石器时代早期。从最早的有文字记载的文明到前1200年文明暂时倒退消失，铜是制作工具和武器的主要金属材料，历史学家把该时期命名为青铜时代。

欧洲古典时期从前700年古希腊文字再次出现开始。罗马共和国于前509年建立。罗马帝国的领土约于公元150年到达最大。395年，罗马帝国一分为二。476年，最后一个西罗马帝国皇帝罗慕路斯·奥古斯都被废黜，欧洲进入中世纪时期。